Table 2.
Characteristics of human and chicken GLUT members.
| Gene | Orthologs | Human | Chicken |
|---|---|---|---|
| glut1/slc2a1 | Conserved in human, chicken, chimpanzee, cow, mouse, rat, Rhesus monkey, zebrafish, Eremothecium gossypii. 122 organisms contain orthologs with slc2a1 [46]. | Blood-brain barrier [15]. Receptor for T-cell leukemia virus I and II [46]. Microcephaly, childhood epilepsy [18,19] , hypoglycorrhachia [20,21] , cryohydrocytosis [22], choreathetosis [23], ataxia [22], migraines [24,25] , spasticity, dyskinesia [26], indicator for cancer [27], thymic carcinoma [28]. | Hypothalamus, basal glucose uptake, ubiquitous [31,34]. |
| glut2/slc2a2 | Conserved in human, chicken, dog, chimpanzee, cow, Rhesus monkey, rat, frog and zebrafish. 168 organisms have orthologs of slc2a2 [46]. | Glycoprotein, bidirectional transport in liver, islet beta cells, intestine, kidney, glucose sensor, gene mutations associated with susceptibility to disease, noninsulin-dependent diabetes, Fanconi–Bickel syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene [33,34]. | Fructose, galactose, liver, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys [1,33,57], insulin dependent [33]. |
| glut3/slc2a3 | Conserved in dog, cow, frog, chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, mouse, rat, chicken, zebrafish, fruit fly, mosquito, Caenorhabditis elegans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, Magnaporthe oryzae, Neurosporra crassa, Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. 70 organisms have orthologs of slc2a3 [46] | Mediates uptake of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, fucose and other monosaccharides across the cell membrane. Gene mutation associated with Huntington’s disease [39,40] . | Neurons [1,30], insulin dependent [33]. |
| glut4/slc2a4 | Conserved in chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse and rat. 114 organisms have orthologs of slc2a4 [46]. | Insulin-regulated. Upon insulin stimulation, GLUT4 translocates to cell surface to transport glucose across the cell membrane. Gene mutations are associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [41]. | Not exist in chickens [2,80]. |
| glut5/slc2a5 | Conserved in chicken, dog, mouse, rat, chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, cow and frog. 123 organisms have orthologs of slc2a5 [46]. | Thought to be cytochalasin β-sensitive carrier, expression in small intestine [49], adipose tissue, skeletal muscle [50], duodenum, bone marrow, kidney [51], renal cell carcinoma [52]. | Fructose, small intestine [55,57]. |
| glut6/slc2a6 | Conserved in chicken, dog, cow, chimpanzee, mouse, Rhesus monkey, zebrafish, fruit fly, mosquito and frog. 169 organisms have orthologs of slc2a6 [46]. | GLUT6/GLUT9 [46], hexose transport [63], endometrial cancer [64]. | Uncharacterized protein [78]. |
| glut7/slc2a7 | Conserved in mouse, rat, chimpanzee and Rhesus monkey. Orthologs found in 55 organisms [46]. | Glucose, fructose transport, expression in small intestine and colon, lower levels in testis and prostate [55]. | Not found in chickens. |
| glut8/slc2a8 | Conserved in chicken, dog, mouse, rat, chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, cow, zebrafish, fruit fly, rice, A. thaliana and frog. Orthologs found in156 organisms [46]. | Insulin-regulated, binds cytochalasin β in glucose-inhibitable manner, may be dual-specific, as it is inhibitable by fructose [69]. | Ubiquitous, especially in adipose tissue, kidneys, insulin response [1,2]. |
| glut9/slc2a9 | Conserved in chicken, dog, cow, chimpanzee, mouse, rat and frog. Orthologs found in 153 organisms [46]. | Fructose, urate transport, and glucose at a low rate, urate reabsorption by proximal tubules, regulatory role in development and survival of chondrocytes [59]. | Liver [33]. |
| glut10/slc2a10 | Conserved in chicken, dog, mouse, rat, chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, cow, frog and zebrafish. Orthologs found in 166 organisms [46]. | Liver and pancreas [66], glucose regulation, gene mutations are associated with arterial tortuosity syndrome [46]. | Uncharacterized [78]. |
| glut11/slc2a11 | Conserved in chicken, dog, cow, chimpanzee, frog, Rhesus monkey and zebrafish and frog. Orthologs found in 111 organisms [46]. | Glucose, fructose. 11-A: skeletal muscle, heart, kidney. 11-B: adipose tissue, kidney, placenta. 11-C: skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, pancreas [62], 11-D [46]. | Uncharacterized [78]. |
| glut12/slc2a12 | Conserved in chicken, dog, mouse, rat, chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, cow, frog, zebrafish, rice and A. thaliana. Orthologs found in 177 organisms [46]. | GLUT8/GLUT12 [46], skeletal muscle, heart, prostate, lower levels in brain, placenta, kidneys [69], wide variety of hexoses [68], Alzheimer’s, hypertension, diabetic neuropathy [71]. | Insulin-sensitive. May act as GLUT4 in skeletal and cardiac muscle [72]. |
| glut13/slc2a13 | Conserved in chicken, dog, cow, chimpanzee, rice, Rhesus monkey, mouse, rat, frog, zebrafish, C. elegans, S. cerevisiae, K. lactis, E. gossypii, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and A. thaliana. Orthologs found in 151 organisms [46]. | Glial cells and neurons [73], myo-inositol and related stereoisomers [74], non-small-cell lung cancer [75], Parkinson’s [76]. | Uncharacterized. |
| glut14/slc2a14 | 2 organisms have orthologs of human slc2a14 [46]. | Spermatogenesis [46], Alzheimer’s disease [47], gastric adenocarcinoma [48]. | N/A |