Table 5. Association between compliance with infection prevention and control practices and health-care workers’ and facilities characteristics, Kenya, 2015a .
| Variable | Regression coefficient estimate,b,c mean (SE)d |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All indicationse (n = 92 430)f |
Indicationse for which the requisite supplies were available (n = 64 494)g |
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| Ordinary least squaresh | Domain fixed-effectsi | Ordinary least squaresh | Domain fixed effectsi | Health-care worker fixed effectsi | |
| Availability of supplies required for infection prevention and control practices | 0.368 (0.008)*** | 0.162 (0.009)*** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Health-care workers’ knowledge of infection prevention and control practices | ND | ND | 0.412 (0.010)*** | 0.035 (0.007)*** | 0.026 (0.008)*** |
| Kenyan infection prevention and control guidelines available at the facility | ND | ND | 0.045 (0.021)** | 0.012 (0.015) | ND |
| Health-care workers underwent training on infection prevention and control within the last calendar year | ND | ND | −0.016 (0.017) | 0.009 (0.011) | ND |
| Health-care workers’ highest educational levelj | |||||
| College diploma | ND | ND | −0.130 (0.018)*** | −0.018 (0.010)* | ND |
| Bachelor’s, master’s or doctoral degree | ND | ND | −0.133 (0.029)*** | −0.026 (0.014)* | ND |
| Age of health-care worker, per year | ND | ND | −0.003 (0.001)*** | −0.001 (0.000)** | ND |
| Male health-care worker | ND | ND | 0.002 (0.015) | −0.019 (0.008)** | ND |
| Public health facility | ND | ND | −0.005 (0.014) | −0.006 (0.008) | ND |
| Health-care facility levelk | |||||
| Level 3 | ND | ND | 0.016 (0.020) | −0.003 (0.010) | ND |
| Level 4 | ND | ND | 0.013 (0.025) | 0.004 (0.014) | ND |
| Level 5 | ND | ND | 0.063 (0.065) | 0.007 (0.020) | ND |
| Order number of patients observed | ND | ND | −0.001 (0.001)** | −0.001 (0.000)** | −0.000 (0.000) |
| Infection prevention and control domain indicatorsl | |||||
| Hand hygiene | ND | −0.923 (0.005)*** | ND | −0.942 (0.006)*** | −0.944 (0.008)*** |
| Protective gloves | ND | −0.492 (0.013)*** | ND | −0.446 (0.015)*** | −0.475 (0.015)*** |
| Reusable equipment | ND | −0.790 (0.017)*** | ND | −0.843 (0.022)*** | −0.818 (0.025)*** |
| Waste segregation of needles and syringes | ND | −0.155 (0.013)*** | ND | −0.061 (0.009)*** | −0.060 (0.009)*** |
| Waste segregation, excluding needles and syringes | ND | −0.820 (0.012)*** | ND | −0.769 (0.030)*** | −0.773 (0.034)*** |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.127 | 0.633 | 0.154 | 0.650 | 0.588 |
N/A: not applicable; ND: not determined; *: P < 0.1; **: P < 0.5; ***: P < 0.01; SE: standard error.
a Further details of the statistical analysis, including the robustness analysis for missing observations, are available from the corresponding author.
b All values in the table represent regression coefficients unless otherwise stated.
c Regression coefficients for the association between compliance with infection prevention and control practices and explanatory variables as determined by five linear multiple regression specifications. All models included a constant (coefficient estimates excluded). The third and fourth models included county dummies (coefficient estimates excluded).
d Robust SEs are clustered at the health facility level to account for clustering and heteroscedasticity or unequal variances.
e An indication refers to a situation in which an infection prevention and control practice must be undertaken to prevent the risk of a pathogen being transmitted from one surface to another (Table 1).
f Data on the availability of supplies were recorded for 92 430 of the 106 464 Infection prevention and control indications observed.
g Data on health-care workers’ knowledge and other characteristics were recorded for 64 494 observed indications for which supplies were available. Data were missing because: (i) some health-care workers were not interviewed due to very high patient caseloads; and (ii) information on knowledge and supplies were not collected for one indication (i.e. 14. Before potential contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membranes, non-intact skin or contaminated equipment; Table 1).
h The regression analysis was based on the ordinary least squares method.
i The regression analysis took into account domain fixed effects for infection prevention and control domains and health-care worker fixed effects, as appropriate.
j College certificate level and below were excluded.
k Level 2 was excluded.
l The injections and blood samples domain was excluded.