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. 2017 May 16;7(2):18. doi: 10.3390/metabo7020018

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overview of cellular glucose and glutamine metabolism. Glucose can undergo three fates: glycolysis (dark blue), glycogen synthesis (brown), or the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which has an oxidative (dark orange) and non-oxidative (light orange) phase. The TCA cycle (black) reactions that are recruited by glutaminolysis (gray) are marked ◊. Enzymes are shown in red. ADP: adenosine diphosphate; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; CoA: coenzyme A; FAD: oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide; FADH₂: reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide; NAD⁺: oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADH: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP⁺: oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADPH: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; P_i: inorganic phosphate; ROS: reactive oxygen species.