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. 2017 Jun 8;9(6):187. doi: 10.3390/toxins9060187

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A phylogenetic tree based upon all venom and tissue proteins (4650 protein families) in the six transcriptomes suggests that these Micrurus species diverged 15–35 million years ago. The New World elapids split from the last common ancestor with Old World elapines nearly 55 million years ago. The tree indicates close relationships between two monad-banded species, M. corallinus and M. paraensis, and between M. l. lemniscatus and M. l. carvalhoi. Micrurus surinamensis is closely allied to M. l. lemniscatus and M. l. carvalhoi. Micrurus s. spixii is not particularly close to any of the other species, supporting the assertion of Slowinski [249] that it is more closely related to the triad-banded species of the M. frontalis complex in the Brazilian cerrado. The Ophiophagus hannah genome [250] provided data for the outgroup to root the tree. Blue bars indicate the 95% confidence intervals for the nodes. Taxonomic abbreviations: para (M. paraensis), cora (M. corallinus), suri (M. surinamensis), carv (M. l. carvalhoi), lemn (M. l. lemniscatus), spix (M. s. spixii), and hann (O. hannah).