Table 3.
Selected examples of biomolecules produced from marine thermophilic microorganisms.
| Microorganisms | Isolation Sites | Applications | Enzyme | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fervidobacterium pennivorans V5 (recombinant) | Hot springs, Azores islands | Starch conversion; detergent | Amylase debranching | [53] |
| Fervidobacterium pennivorans | Hot spring, Azores island | Poultry industry; detergent; fish industry | Serine peptidase | [53] |
| Pyrococcus furiosus | Hydrothermal vent, Italy | Starch saccharification; detergent | Pullulanase | [45] |
| Thermococcus sp. | Deep-sea hydrothermal vent, USA | Starch conversion; detergent | Alpha-amylase | [45] |
| Thermotoga neapolitana 5068 | Hot spring, Italy | Dietary Supplements | Alpha-galactosidase | [54] |
| Thermococcus litoralis | Deep-sea hydrothermal vent, Italy | Detergent | Proline dipeptidase | [55] |
| Thermococcus litoralis | Deep-sea hydrothermal vent Shallow submarine thermal springs and oil wells | Poultry industry; detergent; fish industry | Serine peptidase | [56] |
| Thermoanaerobacter yonseiensis | Geothermal hot stream at Sileri, Indonesia | Poultry industry; detergent; fish industry | Serine protease | [57] |
| Aciduliprofundum boonei | Hydrothermal vent, Mid Atlantic Ridge | Detergent | Cysteine peptidase | [58] |
| Caldithrix abyssi | Deep-sea hydrothermal chimneys, Mid Atlantic Ridge | Detergent | Metallo carboxy-peptidase | [58] |
| Deinococcus geothermalis | Deep-ocean subsurfaces, Italy | Detergent | Thermo-alkali-stable peptidase | [59] |
| Salinivibrio sp. SA-2 | Hypersaline brackish water, Iran | Detergent | Lipase | [60] |
| Microorganisms | EPS-Structure and Chemical Compositions 1 | Applications and Activity | Reference | |
| Bacillus thermodenitrificans strain B3-72 | manno-pyranosidic trisacchacaride repeating unit; Man:Glc Molar ratio:1:0.2 | Immunomodulatory and antiviral activities | [21] | |
| Bacillus licheniformis strain T4 | beta-manno-pyranosidic trisaccharide repeating unit; Fruc/Fuc/Glc/GalNAc/Man Molar ratios: 1.0:0.75:0.28:tr:tr | Anti-citotoxicy activity | [61] | |
| Bacillus licheniformis strain B3-15 | Tetrasaccharide repeating unit; Man manno-pyranosidic configuration | Antiviral activity | [21] | |
| Geobacillus sp. strain 4004 | Gal:Man:GlcN:Ara Molar ratios:1.0:0.8:0.4:02 | Pharmaceutical application | [39] | |
| Thermococcus litoralis | Man | Biofilm formation | [26] | |
| Vibrio diabolicus | GlcNAc and GalNAc Molar ratios:1.0:1.0 | Regenerating activity on bone and skin | [62] | |
1 Monosaccharide abbreviations: Glc glucose, Gal galactose, Man mannose, Fruc fructose, Fuc fucose, Ara arabinose, GlcNAc N-acetyl glucosamine, GalNAc N-acetyl galactosamine, tr trace amount.