Table 2.
Summary of studies included to assess determinants of PA levels in young children: study design, samples and setting
| References | Study design/name | Population | Age at start (mean ± SD and/or range) | Setting |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prospective studies | ||||
| Ball et al. (2009), Cleland et al. (2008), Cleland et al. (2011) [60–62] Australia |
Prospective cohort—CLAN | 19 public elementary schools n = 168 (stratified by low/med/high SES) | 5–6 y | Schools |
| Reilly et al. (2004) [79] UK | Prospective cohort—SPARKLE | Community level stratification n = 72 (51% M) | 3.7 ± 0.5 y | Community |
| Saakslahti et al. (2004) [77] Finland | Prospective cohort | Cohort of children n = 155 (53% M) | 4–7 y | Study subsample |
| Taylor et al. (2008) [78] New Zealand | Prospective cohort—FLAME | Population-based n = 244 (56% M; 86% W, 11% Maori, 3% PI; higher SES) | 2.96–3.15 | Birth cohort |
| intervention studies | ||||
| Alhassan et al. (2007) [40] USA | Pre-post; quasi-randomised | 1 Low-income preschool n = 32 (63% M, predominantly Latino) | C: 3.59 ± 0.5 I: 3.89 ± 0.5 |
Headstart |
| Alhassan et al. (2012) [52] USA |
Pre-post; quasi-randomised | 2 preschools n = 78 (49% M; 39% AA, 61% H; 65% single-family homes) | C: 4.1 ± 0.6 I: 4.5 ± 0.6 |
Preschools |
| Alhassan et al. (2013) [53] USA |
RCT—SPARK | 2 preschools n (baseline) = 75; n (follow-up) = 67 (57% M) |
2.9–5 y | Preschools |
| Annesi et al. (2013) [54] USA |
cRCT—Start for Life | 32 classrooms n = 275 (44% M; predominantly AA) | 3.5–5.6 y (4.6 ± 0.5 y) | YMCA preschools |
| Annesi et al. (2013) [47] USA |
cRCT—Start for Life | 19 classrooms n = 338 (46% M; lower/lower–middle class; 92% AA) |
C: 4.7±0.3 I: 4.6±0.6 |
YMCA preschools |
| Annesi et al. (2013) [46] USA |
cRCT—Start for Life | 26 classrooms n = 885 (46% M; lower/lower–middle class; 92% AA) | 3.5–5.6 y (4.4 ± 0.5 y) | YMCA preschools |
| Bellows et al. (2013) [67] USA |
RCT—The Food Friends: Get Movin’ with Mighty Moves | 8 lower income Headstart centres n = 201 (55% M; 59% H, 32% W, 9% O) | I: 53.0 ± 6.8 mo C: 51.5 ± 6.6 mo |
Headstart centres |
| Bonvin et al. (2013) [50] Switzerland |
RCT—Youp’là Bouge | 58 childcare centres n = 388 (50% M; 18% low educated parents; 58% migrant parents) | I: 3.4 ± 0.6 y C: 3.3 ± 0.6 y |
Childcare centres in 3 French-speaking Cantons |
| Cardon et al. (2009) [41] Belgium |
RCT | 40 preschools n = 583 (52% M) | 5.3 ± 0.4 y | Public preschools |
| Cottrell et al. (2005) [42] USA |
RCT—CARDIAC-Kinder | 29 preschools n (baseline) = 203 (49% M; 93% W) n (follow-up) = 50 | 5 ± 0.47 y | Preschools |
| Davis et al. (2013) [69] USA | Pilot intervention | Teen mothers, n = 60 (61% M; 73% AA; 16% W; 7% NA; 4% O) |
0–53 mo (15.7 ± 13.4) | Child development programme |
| Davison et al. (2013) [81] USA |
Pilot intervention | 5 Headstart centres n (baseline) = 117 (45% M; 68% W; 22% AA; 6% non-H; 4% O) n (follow-up) = 57 |
3.59 ± 1.01 y | Headstart centres |
| De Bock et al. (2013) [49] Germany |
cRCT | 37 preschools n (baseline) = 809 (52% M; low income: 25%, middle income: 55%) n (follow-up) = 467 |
5.05 y | Preschools |
| De Coen et al. (2012) [71] Belgium |
cRCT “Prevention of overweight among pre-school and school children (POP)” |
31 schools across high, medium and low SES n = 1589 at baseline (I: 1032; C:557) n = 694 at 2 year (I: 396 C: 298) |
4.95 ± 1.31 y | Pre-primary and primary schools |
| De Craemer et al. (2014) [64] Belgium |
cRCT—Toybox | 27 kindergartens in Flanders n = 472 (55% M) | 4.43 ± 0.55 y | Kindergartens |
| Elder et al. (2014) [72] USA | RCT “MOVE/Me Muevo” | 30 sites n = 541 (45% M; 41% H) | 6.6 ± 0.7 y | Recreation centres |
| Eliakim et al. (2007) [65] Israel |
RCT | 4 preschools n = 101 (55% M; upper middle class) | 5.5 y | Preschools |
| Engelen et al. (2013) [48] Australia |
cRCT | 12 schools n = 221 (54% M; ICSEA: 980–1170) | 6.0 ± 0.6 y | Catholic primary schools |
| Fitzgibbon et al. (2005) [11] USA | cRCT—Hip-Hop to Health Jr | 12 Headstart centres n = 409 (50% M; I: 99% AA, 1% O; C: 80.7% AA, 12.7% H, 6.6% O) |
I: 48.6 ± 7.6 mo; C: 50.8 ± 6.4 mo | Headstart centres |
| Fitzgibbon et al. (2006) [55] USA | cRCT—Hip-Hop to Health Jr | 12 Headstart centres n = 293 (50% M; I: 15.8% AA, 73.3% H, 10.9% O; C: 6.5% AA, 89.4% H, 4.0% O) |
I: 50.8 ± 7.3 mo; C: 51.0 ± 7.0 mo | Headstart centres |
| Fitzgibbon et al. (2011) [56] USA | cRCT—Hip-Hop to Health | 18 Headstart centres n (baseline) = 223 (44% M; I: 97% AA, 1% H, 2% O; C: 91% AA, 5% H, 4% O) n (follow-up) = 190 | I: 50.7 ± 6.8 mo C: 51.9 ± 6.3 mo |
Headstart programmes |
| Fitzgibbon et al. (2013) [73] USA | cRCT—Hip-Hop to Health | 4 centres n (baseline) = 146 (50% M; 94% H; 2% AA; 4% O) n (follow-up) = 123 | 54.2 ± 5.0 mo | Early childhood education programmes |
| Hannon and Brown (2008) [37] USA |
Pre-post intervention | 1 centre n = 64 (47% M; predominantly W) | 3.9 ± 0.8 y | Preschool |
| Jones et al. (2011) [83] Australia | Non-randomised pilot “Time 2b Healthy” |
Overweight preschool children and parents; n (baseline) = 46 (~80% parents had degree/tech trade cert) n (follow-up) = 40 |
2–5 y | Home based |
| Jones et al. (2011) [51] Australia | Pilot RCT “Jump Start” | 2 low-income centres n = 97 |
4.1 y | Preschools |
| Klohe-Lehman et al. (2007) [58] USA | Non-randomised trial | Low-income, overweight or obese mothers n=235 (62.6% H) |
1–3 y (mean 2.1 y) | Public health clinics / groups |
| O’Dwyer et al. (2012) [44] UK | cRCT | 8 preschools n = 79 (52% M) | <5 y | Home based |
| O’Dwyer et al. (2013) [45] UK | cRCT | 12 centres n = 240 (56% M; I: 84.3% W; C:75.3 W) | 3.7 ± 0.6 y | Sure Start centres |
| Ostbye et al. (2012) [74] USA | RCT—KAN-DO | Patient records n = 400 (56% M) | 3.1 ± 1.0 y | Healthcare |
| Puder et al. (2011) [75] Switzerland | cRCT - Ballerbina | 40 centres n = 652 (50% M; 40% speak foreign language at home; 62% with 2 educated parents) | 5.1 ± 0.7 y | Preschools |
| Stark et al. (2011) [76] USA | Pilot RCT “LAUNCH” | Children with BMI ≥ 95th% and 1+ overweight parent n = 15 |
2–5 y (mean 4.7 ± 1.1 y) | Home and clinics |
| Stratton and Mullan (2005) [39] UK | Pilot RCT | 4 schools n = 54 (46% M; low SES areas) | 4–7 y | Primary schools |
| Trost et al. (2008) [38] USA |
RCT—Move and Learn | 1 centre n = 42 (55% M; 23.7% with high school diploma) | 4.1 ± 0.7 y | Childcare centre |
| van Cauwenerghe et al. (2012) [43] Belgium |
Pilot intervention | 4 preschools n = 128 (55% M) | 4–6 y | Preschools |
| Verbestel et al. (2013) [70] Belgium |
Pilot RCT | 60 centres n = 203 (54% M) |
15.5 ± mo | Daycare centres |
| Wen et al. (2012, 2015) [84, 106] Australia |
Non-randomised intervention “Healthy Beginnings” |
Low-income mothers n = 465 (11% spoke language other than English at home) | From birth | WIC sites |
| Whaley et al. (2010) [57] USA | Non-randomised trial “Child health and intervention research project” (CHIRP) |
Low-income mothers n (baseline) = 821, (94% H; 50% mothers of M); n (follow-up) = 589 | 1–5 y (mean 23 ± 9.2 mo) | WIC sites |
| Yin et al. (2012) [66] USA | Pre-post intervention | 4 centres n = 390 (59% M; 62% normal weight; predominantly H) | 4.1 ± 0.56 y | Headstart centres |
PA physical activity, RCT randomised controlled trial, cRCT cluster randomised controlled trial, CLAN Children Living in Active Neighbourhoods, KAN-DO Kids and Adults Now – Defeat Obesity!, SPARK Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids, SPARKLE Study of Preschool Activity, Lifestyle and Energetics, LAUNCH Learning about Activity and Understanding Nutrition for Child Health, FLAME Family Lifestyle, Activity, Movement, and Eating, CARDIAC Coronary Artery Risk Detection In Appalachian Communities, ICSEA Index of Community Socio-Educational Advantage, I intervention group, C control group, SES socio-economic status, M male, W White, AA African American, H Hispanic, NA Native American, O other racial group, PI Pacific Islander, BMI body mass index, cert certificate, med medium, y years, mo months, WIC women, infants and children, SD standard deviation