Table 4.
Sleep assessments in elite athletes using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
| Study | Sport | Level of performance | n | Sex | Mean age, y (SD) | Mean global score (SD)a | Prevalence, % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥5 | >5 | >8 | |||||||
| Dekker et al. [70] | Gymnastics | National | 12 | M + F | 22.9 (3.5) | 6 (NR) | NR | NR | NR |
| Samuels [1] | Bobsleigh | Elite | 24 | M + F | 27.0 (NR) | 6 (1) | 78 | 57 | 26 |
| Tsunoda et al. [62] | WCB | Elite | 14 | M | 29.5 (5.2) | 6 (3) | NR | 43 | NR |
| Swinbourne et al. [63] | Team sports | National | 175 | M + F | 21.9 (2.6) | 6 (3) | 65 | 50 | 22 |
| Bleyer et al. [64] | Multi-sports | Elite | 452 | M + F | 21.2 (5.8) | 5 (3) | NR | 38 | NR |
| Durán et al. [65] | Multi-sports (Paralympic) | Elite | 33 | M + F | 26.4 (9.8) | 11 (8) | 79 | NR | NR |
| Mean | 24.8 (5.4) | 7 (4) | 74 | 47 | 24 | ||||
F female, M male, NR not reported, SD standard deviation, WCB wheelchair basketball
aScores of >5 are indicative of clinical sleep disturbance