Fig. 2.

Overview of papers reporting an early-stage assessment during product development (2013–17). Studies are arbitrarily categorized into: (1) headroom (n = 4) is used to estimate the maximum sales prices based on the relative value added to society; (2) early-stage modeling (n = 12) is considered as health economic modeling in early stages of development where there are (relatively) many evidence gaps; and (3) multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and stakeholder elicitation (n = 6) are those methods that either elicit unknown priors or opinions from experts where MCDA is used to provide actual decision support by drafting and quantifying development scenarios. For a full list of references see the Appendix