Table 1.
Participant characteristics by sex and diabetes status
| Variable | Male (n=36) | Female (n=47) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1D (n=18) | Non-DM (n=18) | p-value* | T1D (n=20) | Non-DM (n=27) | p-value* | |
| Age (years)† | 45.9 ±9.4 | 46.8 ±6.1 | 0.738 | 43.8 ±8.1 | 44.2 ±7.4 | 0.849 |
| Race (% White)‡ | 16 (88.9) | 18 (100.0) | 0.486 | 20 (100.0) | 19 (70.4) | 0.014 |
| Duration of diabetes (years)†,§ | 29.2 ±7.9 | N/A | N/A | 28.4 ±8.3 | N/A | N/A |
| BMI (kg/m2)† | 27.9 ±3.9 | 26.8 ±3.6 | 0.402 | 26.1 ±4.3 | 25.2 ±4.3 | 0.459 |
| BMI category‡ | 0.900 | 0.910 | ||||
| Normal (18.5–<25 kg/m2) | 4 (22.2) | 4 (22.2) | 8 (40.0) | 13 (48.5) | ||
| Overweight (25–<30 kg/m2) | 9 (50.0) | 11 (61.1) | 10 (50.0) | 12 (44.4) | ||
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 5 (27.8) | 3 (16.7) | 2 (10.0) | 2 (7.4) | ||
| Waist circumference (cm)† | 95.9 ±8.2 | 96.4 ±10.9 | 0.897 | 83.8 ±12.3 | 79.0 ±9.4 | 0.136 |
| Waist to hip† | 0.90 ±0.05 | 0.93 ±0.05 | 0.144 | 0.80 ±0.08 | 0.75 ±0.06 | 0.024 |
| PAT (cm3)|| | 43.4 (33.4–58.2) | 55.7 (47.0–76.1) | 0.150 | 28.0 (23.3–41.1) | 25.4 (20.0–30.3) | 0.119 |
| VAT (cm3)|| | 56.5 (45.5–73.0) | 68.3 (47.1–90.7) | 0.169 | 37.5 (25.0–60.1) | 35.0 (25.0–44.7) | 0.739 |
| SAT (cm3)|| | 165.5 (124.3–196.4) | 129.3 (89.5–150.4) | 0.091 | 146.5 (103.4–197.0) | 160.8 (116.8–191.3) | 0.782 |
| PAT/SAT ratio|| | 0.30 (0.21–0.39) | 0.47 (0.36–0.56) | 0.012 | 0.20 (0.15–0.37) | 0.15 (0.14–0.20) | 0.047 |
| HbA1c (%)† | 7.7 ±1.1 | 5.4 ±0.32 | <0.001 | 7.7 ±1.1 | 5.5 ±0.35 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl)† | 154.9 ±61.4 | 89.7 ±7.2 | <0.001 | 165.4 ±73.2 | 84.7 ±9.3 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl)† | 161.6 ±28.9 | 197.4 ±33.2 | 0.002 | 152.9 ±30.5 | 182.5 ±29.8 | 0.002 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl)|| | 67.5 (54.0–74.0) | 111.5 (67.0–164.0) | 0.005 | 58.5 (48.0–77.5) | 77.0 (60.0–109.0) | 0.020 |
| HDL (mg/dl)† | 59.7 ±16.5 | 48.8 ±14.3 | 0.041 | 62.7 ±15.3 | 65.5 ±18.1 | 0.570 |
| LDL (mg/dl)† | 88.5 ±21.9 | 123.3 ±26.5 | <0.001 | 77.0 ±26.6 | 100.3 ±29.3 | 0.008 |
| On cholesterol-lowering meds‡ | 12 (66.7) | 2 (11.1) | 0.001 | 11 (55.0) | 2 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)† | 117.3 ±9.3 | 120.9 ±8.2 | 0.225 | 110.4 ±10.0 | 109.4 ±11.1 | 0.748 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)† | 79.0 ±5.5 | 81.4 ±7.0 | 0.270 | 72.4 ±8.1 | 73.0 ±7.0 | 0.783 |
| On blood pressure-lowering meds‡ | 11 (61.1) | 2 (11.1) | 0.002 | 6 (30.0) | 3 (11.1) | 0.104 |
| Ever smoker‡ | 3 (16.7) | 6 (33.3) | 0.443 | 8 (40.0) | 7 (25.9) | 0.355 |
| Current smoker‡ | 1 (5.6) | 1 (5.6) | 1.000 | 3 (15.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.070 |
| Percent of energy from fat† | 36.4 ±5.8 | 37.5 ±5.9 | 0.565 | 38.1 ±6.8 | 34.6 ±5.1 | 0.047 |
| Percent of energy from carbohydrates† | 42.6 ±7.8 | 39.5 ±7.2 | 0.230 | 39.1 ±4.7 | 44.9 ±7.2 | 0.003 |
| Minutes of moderate intensity-equivalent activity per week||,¶ | 0 (0–540) | 170 (0–360) | 0.725 | 0 (0–180) | 120 (0–170) | 0.162 |
| GIR (mg/kg FFM/min)† | 5.3 ±3.8 | 10.0 ±5.4 | 0.005 | 6.2 ±3.5 | 15.6 ±5.0 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: T1D, type 1 diabetes; non-DM, without diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; PAT, pericardial adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GIR, glucose infusion rate;
*
p-value comparing T1D vs Non-DM among males and females, respectively
†
Data presented as mean ±SD, p-value from t-test
‡
Data presented as number (%), p-value from chi-square or Fisher’s exact
§
Among subjects with diabetes
||
Data presented as median (25th percentile–75th percentile), p-value from Wilcoxon rank sum test
¶
Minutes of moderate intensity + 2 × vigorous intensity activity per week