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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 28.

Published in final edited form as: J Sch Psychol. 2010 Feb;48(1):53–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2009.09.001

Fig. 7 — The basic mediation model. X=the independent variable, Y=the dependent variable, M=the mediator variable, ${\hat{β}}_{1 M}$ =the effect of the independent variable on the mediator, ${\hat{β}}_{2 Y}$ =the effect of the mediator on the outcome controlling for X, and ${\hat{β}}_{1 Y}$ =the direct effect of the X on Y controlling for M. *Corresponds to p<.05, **corresponds to p<.001 and ns corresponds to not significant.