Fig. 4.

Evolution of economically valuable personality traits across birth cohorts by (A) parental income quintile, (B) mother’s education level, (C) sibship size, and (D) urbanization of birth place. Test scores are anchored to earnings at age 30–34. SI Appendix, Fig. S18 shows that the broad picture is similar when this analysis is repeated one trait at a time. Dashed lines depict 95% confidence intervals. The break in personality test scores reflects a change in test administration.