Fig. 4.

Focus on younger grantees and basic-science PIs. (A) Funding from Congress for under 46 y olds (<46), the numbers of R01 grantees under 46 and the numbers of basic-science PIs under 46 between 1980 and 2014 (dashed lines emphasize trends). (B) Annual change of each of the quantities shown in A, smoothed over 5 y. There is a large jump in funding (purple-shaded peak centered at 1999). This lead to a jump of 1,063 in the number of new basic-science PIs (green-shaded peak centered at 2003). These new basic-science PIs applied for R01 grants, leading to a jump of 750 in the number of grantees (orange-shaded peak centered at 2009).