Table S2.

Differences in relative abundances of chemicals from Dufour’s gland extracts

Compound	Social populations		Solitary populations- reproductive	FDR P value		Best-fit model
	Foundress	Worker		Sociality	Caste	Behavior	Caste
Tritriacontene	0.060	0.016	0.004	0.40	0.07
14-Tetradecanolide	0.179	0.047	0.047	0.58	0.30
15 Pentadecanolide	0.068	0.026	0.029	0.40	0.06
22-Docosanolide	0.191	0.002	0.003	0.40	0.04
24-Tetracosanolide	2.155	0.123	0.079	0.43	0.31
26 Hexadecanolide	0.090	0.030	0.013	0.46	0.21
Methyl oleate	0.113	0.028	0.024	0.51	0.31
Hexadecanoic acid	0.268	0.024	0.010	0.58	0.06	X	X
16-Hexadecanolide	24.642	58.905	51.516	0.40	0.43
16-Hexadecenolide	2.143	0.698	9.834	0.40	0.21	X	X
18-Octadecanolide	26.717	17.484	15.863	0.51	0.58
18-Octadecenolide	13.316	14.624	15.447	0.40	0.04
Eicosanamide	0.234	0.028	0.014	0.40	0.10
20-Eicosanolide	3.636	0.100	0.049	0.74	0.50
Docosane	0.009	0.001	0.006	0.40	0.04
Docosanamide	4.178	0.615	0.260	0.59	0.17	X	X
Tricosane	4.144	1.085	1.582	0.64	0.12		X
Tricosene	0.083	0.008	0.027	0.46	0.17
Tetracosane	1.827	0.048	0.071	0.40	0.12
Pentacosane	6.758	1.208	0.987	0.40	0.07
Hexacosane	0.384	0.058	0.037	0.40	0.14
Heptacosane	1.647	0.702	0.325	0.40	0.04
Heptacosene	1.131	0.248	0.054	0.40	0.06	X	X
Nonacosene (first isomer)	0.338	0.045	0.053	0.40	0.04
Nonacosene (second isomer)	0.850	0.095	0.058	0.50	0.30
Dimethyl-16-hexadecanolide	0.914	0.206	0.158	0.40	0.30
Dimethyl-16-hexadecenolide	0.056	0.076	0.110	0.40	0.16		X
Dimethyl 18-octadecanolide	0.360	0.073	0.046	0.46	0.43
Ethyl hexadecanoate	0.004	0.000	0.005	0.61	0.50
Ethyl oleate	0.041	0.003	0.037	0.61	0.12	X	X
Heneicosane	0.027	0.005	0.009	0.40	0.04
Hentriacontane	0.160	0.012	0.018	0.40	0.04
Hentriacontadiene	0.544	0.024	0.034	0.65	0.43
Methyl 15-pentadecanolide	0.006	0.021	0.019	0.84	0.35
Methyl 18-octadecanolide	0.028	0.000	0.015	0.43	0.46	X	X
Methyl 19-nonadecanolide	0.862	1.258	1.568	0.62	0.30		X
Methyl 16-hexadecanolide	0.029	0.000	0.005	0.40	0.47
Octadecanal	0.005	0.000	0.013	0.99	1.00
Octadecanoic acid	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.87	0.77
Octadecenoic acid	0.192	1.818	1.437	0.51	0.35
Pentacosene (first isomer)	0.2700	0.0322	0.0124	0.40	0.12
Pentacosene (second isomer)	0.7701	0.1893	0.0898	0.40	0.04	X	X
Triacontane	0.1287	0.0165	0.0149	0.40	0.21
Tritriacontene	0.4341	0.0063	0.0105	0.40	0.08

FDR-corrected P values were generated by fitting a standard least squares ANOVA model with compound abundance as the dependent variable and social behavior as a fixed effect for both sociality (solitary vs. eusocial) and caste. The best-fit model columns indicate whether the compounds were included in the elastic net model with the lasso penalty (alpha = 1).