Table 3. Associations of infant growth velocity patterns with childhood metabolic outcomes (N=3,136).
| Total cholesterol | Triglycerides | Insulin | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total group | |||
| PWV (1 SDS = 2.1 kg/year) | 0.03 (-0.02, 0.07) | -0.00 (-0.05, 0.04) | 0.04 (-0.01, 0.08) |
| BMI model - PWV (1 SDS = 2.1 kg/year) | -0.00 (-0.05, 0.05) | -0.03 (-0.07, 0.02) | -0.03 (-0.08, 0.02) |
| AGEAP (1 SDS = 0.5 months) | -0.03 (-0.07, 0.01) | -0.05 (-0.09, -0.01)* | -0.00 (-0.04, 0.04) |
| BMI model - AGEAP (1 SDS = 0.5 months) | -0.04 (-0.08, 0.00) | -0.05 (-0.10, -0.01)** | -0.02 (-0.06, 0.02) |
| BMIAP (1 SDS = 0.8 kg/m2) | 0.02 (-0.02, 0.07) | 0.02 (-0.03, 0.06) | 0.04 (-0.01, 0.08) |
| BMI model - BMIAP (1 SDS = 0.8 kg/m2) | -0.02 (-0.07, 0.03) | -0.01 (-0.06, 0.04) | -0.05 (-0.10, -0.00) |
| Boys | |||
| PWV (1 SDS = 2.0 kg/year) | 0.04 (-0.02, 0.09) | 0.00 (-0.05, 0.07) | 0.01 (-0.04, 0.07) |
| BMI model - PWV (1 SDS = 2.0 kg/year) | 0.01 (-0.06, 0.07) | -0.02 (-0.08, 0.05) | -0.03 (-0.09, 0.03) |
| AGEAP (1 SDS = 0.5 months) | -0.02 (-0.08, 0.03) | -0.06 (-0.11, -0.00) | 0.00 (-0.05, 0.06) |
| BMI model - AGEAP (1 SDS = 0.5 months) | -0.03 (-0.08, 0.02) | -0.07 (-0.12, -0.01)* | -0.01 (-0.06, 0.05) |
| BMIAP (1 SDS = 0.8 kg/m2) | 0.02 (-0.04, 0.08) | 0.01 (-0.05, 0.07) | 0.02 (-0.05, 0.08) |
| BMI model - BMIAP (1 SDS = 0.8 kg/m2) | -0.03 (-0.09, 0.05) | -0.03 (-0.10, 0.05) | -0.05 (-0.12, 0.02) |
| Girls | |||
| PWV (1 SDS = 1.8 kg/year) | 0.02 (-0.06, 0.09) | -0.02 (-0.09, 0.05) | 0.07 (0.00, 0.15) |
| BMI model - PWV (1 SDS = 1.8 kg/year) | -0.02 (-0.10, 0.06) | -0.05 (-0.07, -0.02) | -0.03 (0.11, 0.05) |
| AGEAP (1 SDS = 0.5 months) | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.02) | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.02) | -0.01 (-0.08, 0.05) |
| BMI model - AGEAP (1 SDS = 0.5 months) | -0.05 (-0.11, 0.02) | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.04) | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.03) |
| BMIAP (1 SDS = 0.8 kg/m2) | 0.02 (-0.04, 0.09) | 0.02 (-0.04, 0.09) | 0.06 (-0.01, 0.13) |
| BMI model - BMIAP (1 SDS = 0.8 kg/m2) | -0.01 (-0.09, 0.07) | 0.01 (-0.06, 0.08) | -0.06 (-0.13, 0.02) |
Abbreviations: N: number, SDS: standard deviation scores, BMI: body mass index, PWV: peak weight velocity, AGEAP: age at adiposity peak, BMIAP: body mass index at adiposity peak. Values are linear regression coefficients (95% CI) based on multiple linear regression models and reflect the change in outcome per SDS increase in each infant growth characteristics. Model adjusted for maternal factors: pre-pregnancy body mass index, educational level, smoking during pregnancy, use of alcohol during pregnancy, folic acid supplement use during pregnancy, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at intake and gestational hypertensive disorders, and child factors: age, sex, ethnicity, birth weight and gestational age at birth. All models were additionally adjusted for childhood BMI. Models adjusted for child’s age and sex only are given in Supplementary Material Table S5. P<0.05 for interaction between AGEAP and sex on systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
P value <0.05