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. 2017 Jun 28;7:4317. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04636-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Contact angles between pure ethanol and pure water for GN, GN/BCN and BCN films. (b) Illustration of parameters in contact angle measurements. (c) Dependence of cos θ as a function of surface tension γ_LG. (d) Spreading coefficient of various liquids on solid samples (GN/BCN, GN and BCN) with respect to ethanol concentration. (e,f) Mechanism II explaining ionization of liquids. (g–h) Mechanism I explaining resistance changes induced by wetting of BCNs in GN/BCN sensor devices.