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. 2017 Jun 28;7:4345. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04280-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vivo biodegradation and biocompatibility of GelMA/Bio-IL composite hydrogels using a rat subcutaneous model. (a,b) Evaluation of the in vivo degradation of GelMA/Bio-IL on days 0, 4, 14 and 28 post implantation (n = 4). (a) In vivo degradation of GelMA/Bio-IL hydrogels based on weight loss of the implants. The in vivo degradation profile of GelMA/Bio-IL hydrogels exhibited an approximately linear behavior throughout 28 days after implantation. (b) Images of the GelMA/Bio-IL composite hydrogels at 0, 4, 14, and 28 days after implantation. (c–e) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of GelMA/Bio-IL sections after (c) 4, (d) 14, and (e) 28 days of implantation (scale bars = 500 µm). The H&E images shows a negligible amount of inflammatory cells. (f–h) Fluorescent immunohistochemical analysis of subcutaneously implanted GelMA/Bio-IL hydrogels showing no significant local lymphocyte infiltration (CD3) at days (f) 4, (g) 14 and (h) 28 (scale bars = 200 µm), and significant macrophage (CD68) presence at day (i) 4, which disappeared at days (j) 14 and (k) 28 (scale bars = 200 µm). Green, red and blue colors in (f–k) represent the GelMA/Bio-IL hydrogels, the immune cells, and the cell nuclei (DAPI). 1% VC, 1.5% TEOA, and 0.1 mM Eosin Y at 120 s light exposure were used to form the hydrogels. All hydrogels were synthesized using 15% final polymer concentration and 50/50 GelMA/Bio-IL ratio.