Fig. 4.

Effects of GTP on the expression of TGF-β1 and VEGF in NIH/3T3 cells. Levels of TGF-β1 and VEGF were measured in NIH/3T3 cells after 48 h of treatment using different concentrations of GTP (6.25 μg/mL, 12.5 μg/mL, and 25 μg/mL) and bFGF (50 ng/mL): (A) TGF-β1. (B) VEGF. The expression of TGF-β1 and VEGF was determined by immunofluorescence staining. Cells were fixed and stained with anti-TGF-β1 or VEGF (green) and nucleus was stained by DAPI (blue): (C) TGF-β1. (D) VEGF. The fluorescence intensity for TGF-β1 and VEGF is also shown. Results are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus control. bFGF, ; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GTP, ginseng total protein; SEM, standard error of the mean; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.