Table 1.

MicroRNAs altered in chemo-resistant cancer cells

microRNA	Alteration trend	Main target	Drug resistance	Cancer	Experimental condition	References
miR-let-7b	↓	c-Myc	Cisplatin; Vincristine	Gastric cancer	Cell culture	[83]
miR-let-7b/i	↓	Estrogen receptor alpha	Tamoxifen	Breast cancer	Cell culture	[84]
miR-let-7c	↓	IL-6/STAT3 pathway	Cisplatin	Esophageal cancer	Human biopsy	[85]
miR-let-7e	↓	TGFBR1, OSMR, IL6, MMP11*	Cisplatin	Ovarian cancer	Cell culture	[81]
	↓	TGFBR1, OSMR, IL6, MMP11*	Paclitaxel	Ovarian cancer	Cell culture	[81]
	↓	EZH2 CCND1	Cisplatin	Ovarian cancer	Cell culture	[82]
miR-let-7i	↓	H-RAS HMGA2	Cisplatin	Ovarian and breast cancer	Cell culture, human biopsy	[80]
miR-15/miR-16	↓	Bcl-2	Vincristine	Gastric cancer	Cell culture	[103]
miR-15a/miR-16	↓	Bcl-2 and cyclin E1	Tamoxifen	Breast cancer	Cell culture	[109]
miR-16	↓	Bcl-2 K-RAS-2A	Plumbagin (AKT inhibitor)	Lung cancer	Cell culture	[104]
	↓	Bcl-2	Temozolomide	Glioma	Cell culture	[111]
miR-21	↓	MSH2	Cisplatin	Lung cancer	Cell culture	[41]
	↑	DNA mismatch repair genes	5-Fluorouracil	Colon cancer	Cell culture	[65,66]
	↑	PDCD4 c-IAP2	Cisplatin	Ovarian cancer	Cell culture, human biopsy	[91]
	↑	PDCD4	Gemcitabine	Pancreatic cancer	Cell culture	[92]
	↑	Bcl-2	Cisplatin	Osteosarcoma	Cell culture	[94]
	↑	LRRFIP1	VM-26 (Teniposide)	Glioblastoma	Cell culture	[95]
	↑	PTEN	Gefitinib	Lung cancer	Cell culture	[96]
	↑	MDR-related gene expression and inhibition of the AKT signaling pathway	Cisplatin	Lung cancer	Cell culture	[97]
	↑	Bcl-2	Topotecan	Breast cancer	Cell culture	[98]
miR-22	↑	PTEN	Paclitaxel	Colon cancer	Cell culture	[69]
miR-27a	↑	MDR1/P-glycoprotein	Doxorubicin; Vinblastine	Ovarian and cervical cancer	Cell culture	[72]
	↑	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	5-Fluorouracil	Colon cancer	Cell culture	[26]
miR-27b	↓	HMGB3	Tamoxifen	Breast cancer	Cell culture	[74]
miR-29	↓	O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Temozolomide	Glioma	Cell culture	[33]
miR-34a	↓	SIRT1	Camptothecin	Prostate cancer	Cell culture	[112]
	↓	PI3K/AKT/survivin signaling pathway	Cisplatin	Gastric cancer	Cell culture	[113]
	↓	NOTCH1	Adriamycin	Breast cancer	Cell culture	[114]
	↑	BCL-2 and cyclin D1	Docetaxel	Breast cancer	Cell culture	[115]
miR-98	↑	HMGA2, Bcl-XL and Bcl-2	Cisplatin	Lung cancer	Cell culture	[47]
miR-145	↓	RAD18	5-Fluorouracil	Colon cancer	Cell culture	[42]
miR-125b	↑	P53	Doxorubicin	Ewing sarcoma	Cell culture	[67]
miR-130	↑	PTEN	Cisplatin	Ovarian cancer	Cell culture	[21]
miR-138	↑	Bcl-2 pathway	Temozolomide	Glioma	Cell culture	[46]
miR-139	↓	Bcl-2	5-Fluorouracil; Oxaliplatin	Colon cancer	Cell culture, mice model, human biopsy	[48]
	↓	NOTCH-1	5-Fluorouracil	Colorectal cancer	Cell culture, human biopsy	[49]
	↓	NOTCH-1	Docetaxel	Breast cancer	Cell culture	[50]
miR-155	↑	DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes	5-Fluorouracil	Colorectal cancer	Human biopsy	[40,65,66]
miR-192	↑	Bim	Cisplatin	Lung cancer	Cell culture	[51]
miR-194	↓	FOXA1	Cisplatin	Lung cancer	Cell culture, human biopsy	[64]
miR-199a	↓	CD44	Doxorubicin	Osteosarcoma	Cell culture, human biopsy	[37]
	↓	CD44	Cisplatin; Paclitaxel; Adriamycin	Ovarian cancer	Human biopsy	[38]
miR-200b	↓	Bcl-2	Docetaxel	Lung cancer	Cell culture	[61]
miR-212	↓	BAG1, ABCC3, DYRK2, RNF8*	Docetaxel	Lung cancer	Cell culture	[61]
miR-214	↓	Bcl-2	Cisplatin	Cervical cancer	Lung cancer	[70]
miR-221/222	↑	p27	Tamoxifen	Breast cancer	Cell culture, human biopsy	[117]
	↑	Estrogen receptor alpha	Tamoxifen	Breast cancer	Cell culture	[118]
miR-221	↑	PTEN	Trastuzumab	Breast cancer	Human biopsy	[119]
	↑	PTEN	Cisplatin	Osteosarcoma	Cell culture	[120]
miR-298	↓	P-glycoprotein	Doxorubicin	Breast cancer	Cell culture	[154]
miR-424	↑	LNA	Docetaxel	Lung cancer	Cell culture	[61,62]
	↓	BCR-ABL	Imatinib	Chronic myeloid leukemia	Cell culture, human blood specimens	[63]
miR-451	↑	P-glycoprotein	Doxorubicin Vinblastine	Ovarian and Cervical cancer	Cell culture	[72]
miR-579	↓	BRAF	Vemurafenib	Melanoma	Cell culture	[75]

^*Putative targets identified by bioinformatics in silico models only.