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. 2017 Mar 29;5(2):14. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines5020014

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Relevant structural characteristics of the oleanane type triterpenoid saponins. The figure provides an overview on those saponins, for which the complete structure has been published to date. The residues at C-3 and C-4 and a sugar chain at C-28 with at least four sugar units are mandatory to enhance the cytotoxicity of protein toxins. The displayed differences in residues R₁ and R₂ determine the intensity of the effect. Fuc: fucose (6-deoxy-galactose); Gal: galactose; Glc: glucose; GlcA: glucuronic acid; Qui: quinovose (6-deoxy-glucose); Rha: rhamnose (6-deoxy-mannose); Xyl: xylose. Structure information was obtained for SA1641 from [40], for SA1657 from [41], for Gyp 1, Gyp 2, and Gyp 3 from [42], and for AG 1, AG 2, AG 3, and AG 4 from [43].