Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics
| Variable | Exercise group n = 11 |
Control group n = 11 |
Total N = 22 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age | 70.00 | 7.29 | 73.45 | 8.47 | 71.73 | 7.91 |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 3 | 27.3 | 4 | 36.4 | 7 | 31.81 |
| MOCA | 22.73 | 2.20 | 23.91 | 1.87 | 23.32 | 2.08 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.90 | 0.08 | 0.93 | 0.08 | 0.91 | 0.08 |
| Body mass index | 27.14 | 6.24 | 26.75 | 2.98 | 26.95 | 4.78 |
| FCI | 3.09 | 1.81 | 3.55 | 1.69 | 3.32 | 1.73 |
| Total medications | 3.27 | 3.10 | 5.00 | 3.90 | 4.14 | 3.55 |
| Beta-blockers, No. (%) | 3 | 27 | 2 | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| Global PIB BPND | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.23 |
| WMH volume (mm3) | 1277.82a | 1446.90 | 2569.52b | 3450.16 | 2004.40c | 2761.15 |
| Baseline Assessments | ||||||
| ADAS-Cog | 10.65 | 4.76 | 8.61 | 2.60 | 9.63 | 3.88 |
| TMT B-A, sec. | 45.07 | 20.93 | 55.95 | 28.14 | 50.51 | 24.84 |
| VDST F-B, sec. | 2.45 | 2.88 | 4.00 | 2.61 | 3.23 | 2.79 |
| Stroop CW-C, sec. | 68.33 | 30.26 | 54.54 | 20.02 | 61.44 | 26.01 |
| DSST | 26.27 | 8.01 | 25.27 | 5.97 | 25.77 | 6.91 |
| PPA | 0.54 | 1.50 | 0.47 | 0.91 | 0.50 | 1.21 |
| Final Assessments | ||||||
| ADAS-Cog | 9.57 | 4.70 | 6.86 | 2.77 | 8.22 | 4.01 |
| TMT B-A, sec. | 76.43 | 69.32 | 66.45 | 51.88 | 71.44 | 59.97 |
| VDST F-B, sec. | 2.18 | 1.83 | 3.27 | 1.85 | 2.73 | 1.88 |
| Stroop CW-C, sec. | 66.41 | 25.91 | 55.60 | 32.37 | 61.00 | 29.14 |
| DSST | 26.09 | 8.93 | 23.55 | 8.47 | 24.82 | 8.59 |
| PPA | 0.12 | 1.23 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.33 | 0.96 |
SD Standard Deviation, MOCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment (max. Score 30), FCI Functional comorbidity index (total number of comorbidities), ADAS-Cog Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive subscale (max. Score of 70), TMT B-A Trail Making Test, Part B minus Part A, VDST F-B Verbal Digit Span Test, Forward minus Backward, Stroop CW-W Stroop Color Words minus Stroop colored x’s, DSST Digit Symbol Substitution Test, PPA Physiological Profile Assessment; aExercise group - WMH volume, n = 7; bControl group - WMH volume, n = 9; cTotal - WMH volume, n = 16