Table 5.

Significant (p < 0.01) inhibitors, their potential target kinases and phosphatases and their effects on VSMC proliferation

Inhibitor	Inhibition of proliferation [% of control]	Potential target kinases and phosphatases	Effect of target kinase/phosphatase on VSMC proliferation	Reference
Fenvalerate	32	calcineurin	↑	[61, 173–175]
5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl benzimidazole	31	CK2	↑	[176, 192, 303–305]
		Cdk9	↑	[306, 307]
PP2	31	Src family kinases	↑	[177–182, 308]
PP1	18
SP600125	30	JNKs	↑	[183, 184]
SB-202190	30	p38 MAPKs	↑	[185–187]
Olomoucine	29	Cdk1, Cdk2	↑	[85, 188–191]
Benzylphosphonic acid	27	tyrosine phosphatases	↑/↓	[309–311]
L-p-bromotetramisole	25	alkaline phosphatase	n.d.	[312, 313]
		tyrosine phosphatases	↑/↓	[309–311]
LFM-A13	24	BTK, Plk, Jak2	↑	[314–317]
Daidzein	24	arrests cell cycle at G1	↓	[318–320]
LY294002	23	PI3-kinases	↑	[173, 180, 192–195]
Tyrphostin AG 1478	21	EGFR	↑	[179, 196–199]
2-Aminopurine	17	PKR	↓	[321, 322]
GW5074	16	Raf-1	↑	[37, 177, 200]

CK2 = protein kinase CK2 (casein kinase), Cdks 1,2 and 9 = cyclin-dependent kinases 1,2 and 9, Src family kinases = Src, Fyn, Hck and Lck, JNKs = c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p38 MAPKs = p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, BTK = Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, Plk = Polo-like kinase, Jak2 = Janus kinase 2, PI3 kinase = phosphoinositide 3-kinase, EGFR = epidermal growth factor receptor, PKR = ds-RNA-activated protein kinase, Raf-1 = RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase. In cases when little data are available in VSMCs, the table was augmented with information of kinase/phosphatase effects on cell proliferation in other cell types