. 2017 May 11;9:119–135. doi: 10.2147/HIV.S130930

Table 3.

Summary of direct and indirect effects toward STDs/HIV-related sexual risk behavior among African-American adolescents

Ecological systems	Predictor	Estimate (SD)		Total effect
Ecological systems	Predictor	Direct effect	Indirect effect	Total effect
Macrosystem	Mother’s socioeconomic status	−0.011 (0.037)	0.022 (0.026)	0.011
	Father’s socioeconomic status	−0.029 (0.102)	0.626 (0.288)^*	0.597
Exosystem	Mother’s attitude toward youth’s use of birth control	−0.207 (0.032)^***	−0.083 (0.014)^***	−0.290
	Father’s attitude toward youth’s use of birth control	0.014 (0.032)	−0.018 (0.010)	−0.004
Mesosystem	Mother’s involvement	0.046 (0.076)	0.032 (0.067)	0.078
	Father’s involvement	−0.527 (0.256)^*	1.263 (0.343)^***	0.736
Microsystem	Mother’s love	0.024 (0.089)	0.005 (0.023)	0.029
	Father’s love	1.210 (0.329)^***	0.129 (0.085)	1.339
	Parents’ attitude toward youth’s sexual behavior	0.625 (0.276)^*	0.105 (0.061)	0.730
	School	0.102 (0.032)^**	–	0.102
	Religion	0.013 (0.032)	–	0.013
	Peers	0.110 (0.034)^***	–	0.110
	Condition of dwelling unit	0.034 (0.026)	–	0.034
Other	Age	−0.193 (0.030)^***	–	−0.193
	Sex	−0.059 (0.027)^*	–	−0.059
	Sexual orientation	0.055 (0.028)^*	–	0.055

Notes:

P≤0.05;

^**

P≤0.01;

^***

P≤0.001. Outcome variable STD/HIV-related sexual risk behavior; n = 1,595 (24 observations not included in the analysis because of missing values within variables); all estimates based on standardized-model results; direct effects obtained from maximal likelihood estimation; indirect effects obtained from robust maximal likelihood tests.

Abbreviations: SD, standardized deviation; STD, sexually transmitted disease.