Table 1.
Group | Experiment Duration | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
3 Months | 10 Months | 17 Months | 24 Months | |
WT (mm) | ||||
Control | 0.718 ± 0.047 | 0.691 ± 0.010 | 0.786 ± 0.036 | 0.799 ± 0.018 |
AE | 0.636 ± 0.021 | 0.693 ± 0.017 | 0.860 ± 0.034 | 0.798 ± 0.019 |
Cd1 | 0.613 ± 0.019 * | 0.678 ± 0.018 | 0.848 ± 0.021 | 0.899 ± 0.038 |
Cd1 + AE | 0.636 ± 0.032 * | 0.744 ± 0.023 † | 0.756 ± 0.158 | 0.826 ± 0.051 |
Cd5 | 0.591 ± 0.020 ** | 0.721 ± 0.020 | 0.753 ± 0.023 | 0.819 ± 0.043 |
Cd5 + AE | 0.633 ± 0.015 | 0.651 ± 0.020 †,‡‡ | 0.821 ± 0.054 | 0.869 ± 0.028 |
CSA (mm2) | ||||
Control | 7.610 ± 0.386 | 7.650 ± 0.083 | 9.114 ± 0.428 | 9.571 ± 0.247 |
AE | 6.937 ± 0.365 | 7.642 ± 0.299 | 10.011 ± 0.478 | 9.082 ± 0.214 |
Cd1 | 6.419 ± 0.274 * | 7.871 ± 0.235 | 9.788 ± 0.246 | 10.810 ± 0.275 * |
Cd1 + AE | 6.902 ± 0.335 | 8.362 ± 0.440 | 8.999 ± 0.250 | 9.926 ± 0.407 |
Cd5 | 6.602 ± 0.221 * | 8.122 ± 0.286 | 8.485 ± 0.449 | 9.616 ± 0.457 ‡ |
Cd5 + AE | 6.775 ± 0.278 | 7.277 ± 0.396 ‡ | 9.178 ± 0.584 | 10.039 ± 0.433 |
CSMI | ||||
Control | 3.681 ± 0.208 | 4.342 ± 0.274 | 6.338 ± 0.382 | 8.615 ± 1.682 |
AE | 4.080 ± 0.414 | 4.980 ± 0.472 | 7.660 ± 0.612 | 7.442 ± 0.175 |
Cd1 | 3.606 ± 0.168 | 4.882 ± 0.200 | 6.963 ± 0.609 | 9.850 ± 0.524 |
Cd1 + AE | 3.778 ± 0.205 | 5.201 ± 0.381 | 7.061 ± 0.442 | 9.271 ± 0.200 |
Cd5 | 4.395 ± 0.390 | 4.793 ± 0.188 | 5.239 ± 0.516 ‡ | 8.943 ± 0.726 |
Cd5 + AE | 3.721 ± 0.185 | 4.772 ± 0.356 | 5.801 ± 0.613 | 7.762 ± 0.670 |
Data are represented as mean ± SE for eight rats (except for seven animals in the AE, Cd1, and Cd5 groups after 24 months). Statistically significant differences (Anova, Duncan’s multiple range test) compared to the control group (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01), respective group receiving Cd alone († p < 0.05), and respective group receiving 1 mg Cd/kg diet alone or with the AE (‡ p < 0.05, ‡‡ p < 0.01) are marked. WT, cortical width; CSA, cross-sectional area; CSMI, cross-sectional moment of inertia.