Table 2.
Percentage of participants 2 (%) complying 3 with the French recommendations in patients and their healthy controls, NutriNet-Santé Cohort, France, 2009–2016.
| Components of the French PNNS Recommendations | Hypertension | Diabetes | Dyslipidemia | |||||||||||||||
| Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | |||||||||||||
| % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | RD | p 1 | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | RD | p 1 | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | RD | p 1 | |
| Smoking status | 11.5 | 10.7; 12.3 | 10.8 | 10.0; 11.5 | −6.5 | 0.0757 | 11.7 | 10.1; 13.4 | 12.3 | 10.6; 14 | 4.9 | 0.6518 | 11.4 | 10.5; 12.2 | 12.0 | 11.2; 12.9 | 5.0 | 0.2417 |
| Alcoholic beverages | 89.2 | 88.4; 90.0 | 87.1 | 86.3; 87.9 | −2.4 | <0.0001 | 88.8 | 87.1; 90.4 | 87.0 | 85.3; 88.6 | −2.1 | 0.1612 | 89.5 | 88.7; 90.3 | 87.7 | 86.9; 88.5 | −2.1 | 0.0080 |
| Physical activity | 72.8 | 71.7; 73.9 | 66.3 | 65.2; 67.4 | −9.8 | <0.0001 | 73.3 | 71.0; 75.7 | 64.6 | 62.2; 66.9 | −13.5 | <0.0001 | 72.5 | 71.3; 73.7 | 67.1 | 65.9; 68.3 | −8.0 | <0.0001 |
| Fruits and vegetables | 59.6 | 58.4; 60.8 | 56.6 | 55.5; 57.8 | −5.3 | 0.0019 | 60.9 | 58.5; 63.3 | 60.7 | 58.3; 63.2 | −0.3 | 0.5821 | 58.8 | 57.6; 60.0 | 57.5 | 56.3; 58.7 | −2.3 | 0.0831 |
| Bread, Cereals, Legumes, potatoes | 42.8 | 41.7; 43.9 | 44.9 | 43.8; 46.1 | 4.7 | 0.0173 | 44.8 | 42.4; 47.2 | 49.7 | 47.3; 52.1 | 9.9 | 0.0048 | 43.1 | 41.9; 44.3 | 46.0 | 44.8; 47.2 | 6.3 | 0.0025 |
| Dairy products | 32.2 | 31.0; 33.4 | 35.2 | 34.0; 36.4 | 8.5 | <0.0001 | 32.7 | 30.3; 35.1 | 36.7 | 34.3; 39.1 | 10.9 | 0.0162 | 31.6 | 30.4; 32.8 | 32.6 | 31.4; 33.8 | 3.1 | 0.2698 |
| Whole grains products | 7.8 | 7.1; 8.4 | 5.9 | 5.2; 6.5 | −32.2 | <0.0001 | 6.8 | 5.5; 8.2 | 7.5 | 6.1; 8.9 | 9.3 | 0.5030 | 7.6 | 6.9; 8.2 | 6.5 | 5.8; 7.2 | −16.9 | 0.0714 |
| Meat, seafood and eggs | 59.0 | 57.8; 60.2 | 60.4 | 59.2; 61.6 | 2.3 | 0.0569 | 57.9 | 55.4; 60.4 | 57.2 | 54.6; 59.7 | −1.2 | 0.6154 | 59.1 | 57.9; 60.4 | 60.9 | 59.7; 62.2 | 3.0 | 0.0401 |
| Seafood | 53.5 | 52.2; 54.7 | 55.1 | 53.9; 56.4 | 2.9 | 0.0123 | 53.8 | 51.3; 56.3 | 53.5 | 50.9; 56.0 | −0.6 | 0.9447 | 52.9 | 51.6; 54.2 | 58.0 | 56.7; 59.3 | 8.8 | <0.0001 |
| Added fat (butter, Oils, margarine) | 81.3 | 80.3; 82.3 | 81.5 | 80.5; 82.5 | 0.2 | 0.6899 | 81.8 | 79.7; 83.9 | 77.6 | 75.4; 79.7 | −5.4 | 0.0171 | 80.9 | 79.9; 81.9 | 82.8 | 81.8; 83.9 | 2.3 | 0.0791 |
| Added simple sugars | 82.4 | 81.5; 83.4 | 86.5 | 85.5; 87.4 | 4.7 | <0.0001 | 80.4 | 78.7; 82.0 | 93.6 | 91.9; 95.3 | 14.1 | <0.0001 | 81.7 | 80.7; 82.7 | 84.3 | 83.4; 85.3 | 3.1 | 0.0002 |
| Non-alcoholic or sweetened beverages | 58.0 | 56.8; 59.2 | 60.1 | 58.9; 61.3 | 3.5 | 0.0399 | 58.8 | 56.4; 61.2 | 64.3 | 61.8; 66.7 | 8.6 | 0.0012 | 58.8 | 57.5; 60.0 | 62.3 | 61.0; 63.5 | 5.6 | <0.0001 |
| Salt | 43.5 | 42.5; 44.5 | 39.3 | 38.3; 40.3 | −10.7 | <0.0001 | 42.0 | 40.0; 44.1 | 29.7 | 27.6; 31.7 | −41.4 | <0.0001 | 43.1 | 42.1; 44.2 | 39.0 | 38.0; 40.1 | −10.5 | 0.0002 |
| PNNS-GS Score (4th Quartile) | 21.1 | 20.5; 21.6 | 18.8 | 18.3; 19.3 | −12.2 | 0.0007 | 19.4 | 18.4; 20.5 | 17.8 | 16.8; 18.8 | −9.0 | 0.2297 | 20.2 | 19.7; 20.8 | 20.1 | 19.6; 20.7 | −0.5 | 0.8818 |
| PNNS-GS Score 2,3 | 9.4 | 9.38; 9.42 | 9.3 | 9.28; 9.33 | −1.1 | 0.0023 | 9.3 | 9.25; 9.35 | 9.2 | 9.15; 9.25 | −1.1 | 0.1667 | 9.4 | 9.38; 9.42 | 9.4 | 9.38; 9.42 | 0.0 | 0.4968 |
| Components of the French PNNS Recommendations | CVD | Cardiometabolic Disorders | ||||||||||||||||
| Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | |||||||||||||||
| % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | RD | p 1 | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | RD | p 1 | |||||||
| Smoking status | 11.2 | 9.1; 13.2 | 13.9 | 11.8; 16 | 19.4 | 0.0204 | 12.1 | 11.5; 12.8 | 12.1 | 11.5; 12.7 | 0.0 | 0.9255 | ||||||
| Alcoholic beverages | 90.4 | 88.4; 92.3 | 88.5 | 86.6; 90.5 | −2.1 | 0.1414 | 89.5 | 88.9; 90.1 | 88.1 | 87.5; 88.7 | −1.6 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Physical activity | 73.3 | 70.4; 76.2 | 65.8 | 62.9; 68.7 | −11.4 | 0.0005 | 71.9 | 71.0; 72.7 | 66.3 | 65.4; 67.2 | −8.4 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables | 62.2 | 59.2; 65.2 | 57.7 | 54.6; 60.7 | −7.8 | 0.0534 | 58.0 | 57.1; 58.9 | 56.1 | 55.2; 57 | −3.4 | 0.0008 | ||||||
| Bread, Cereals, Legumes, potatoes | 46.5 | 43.6; 49.5 | 47.4 | 44.5; 50.4 | 1.9 | 0.8691 | 42.9 | 42.0; 43.7 | 44.7 | 43.8; 45.5 | 4.0 | 0.0013 | ||||||
| Dairy products | 32.9 | 29.9; 35.9 | 34.9 | 31.9; 37.9 | 5.7 | 0.2958 | 31.2 | 30.3; 32.1 | 32.8 | 31.9; 33.7 | 4.9 | 0.0121 | ||||||
| Whole grains products | 6.6 | 4.9; 8.2 | 7.1 | 5.4; 8.7 | 7.0 | 0.5466 | 7.7 | 7.2; 8.2 | 6.4 | 5.9; 6.9 | −20.3 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Meat, seafood and eggs | 57.9 | 54.8; 61 | 60.3 | 57.2; 63.5 | 4.0 | 0.3766 | 58.3 | 57.4; 59.2 | 60.4 | 59.4; 61.3 | 3.5 | 0.0004 | ||||||
| Seafood | 54.2 | 51.1; 57.3 | 55.7 | 52.6; 58.8 | 2.7 | 0.4518 | 52.5 | 51.5; 53.4 | 55.6 | 54.6; 56.5 | 5.6 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Added fat (butter, Oils, margarine) | 81.4 | 78.9; 83.9 | 81.6 | 79.1; 84.1 | 0.2 | 0.8181 | 82.0 | 81.2; 82.8 | 82.2 | 81.4; 82.9 | 0.2 | 0.5562 | ||||||
| Added simple sugars | 81.8 | 79.4; 84.2 | 83.6 | 81.2; 86 | 2.2 | 0.4031 | 81.8 | 81; 82.5 | 84.9 | 84.1; 85.6 | 3.7 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Non-alcoholic or sweetened beverages | 58.3 | 55.2; 61.4 | 60.7 | 57.7; 63.8 | 4.0 | 0.3431 | 58.8 | 57.9; 59.7 | 61.0 | 60.1; 61.9 | 3.6 | 0.0003 | ||||||
| Salt | 42.6 | 40; 45.2 | 37.6 | 35; 40.3 | −13.3 | 0.0134 | 43.8 | 43; 44.6 | 39.9 | 39.1; 40.7 | −9.8 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| PNNS-GS Score (4th Quartile) | 19.5 | 18.1; 20.8 | 17.0 | 15.7; 18.2 | −14.7 | 0.1363 | 20.0 | 19.6; 20.4 | 19.3 | 18.9; 19.7 | −3.5 | 0.1312 | ||||||
| PNNS-GS Score 2,3 | 9.4 | 9.34; 9.46 | 9.3 | 9.24 ; 9.36 | −1.1 | 0.2174 | 9.4 | 9.38; 9.42 | 9.3 | 9.28; 9.32 | −1.1 | 0.0118 | ||||||
1 p values are from the comparison between cases and controls using multivariable mixed logistic regression. Bold p-values are < 0.01 with a relative difference above 5%. Models were adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, number of dietary records and season of dietary assessment (spring/summer or autumn/winter). RD: Relative difference in proportion between cases and controls. A positive relative difference shows higher intake of nutrients or foods groups in cases and a negative relative difference shows lower intakes in controls. SEM: Standard error of the mean, CVD: Cardiovascular diseases, CI: Confidence Intervals. 2 values are means for the estimates and 95% CI. 3: See Tables S1 and S2 for details on construction of the PNNS-GS score or the threshold which defined each recommendation.