Table 5.

Multivariable ¹ comparisons of intakes of major classes of polyphenols in patients and their healthy controls, NutriNet-Santé Cohort, France, 2009–2016.

Polyphenol Intakes (mg/day)	hypertension						Diabetes						Dyslipidemia
	Controls		Cases				Controls		Cases				Controls		Cases
	Mean	SEM	Mean	SEM	RD	p 2	Mean	SEM	Mean	SEM	RD	p 2	Mean	SEM	Mean	SEM	RD	p 2
Anthocyanins	54.28	0.93	50.18	0.93	−8.2	0.0008	58.36	1.93	43.80	1.96	−33.2	<0.0001	52.69	0.91	49.97	0.9	−5.4	0.0231
Dihydrochalcones	3.44	0.05	3.24	0.05	−6.2	0.0016	3.56	0.11	3.39	0.11	−5.0	0.2335	3.40	0.05	3.34	0.05	−1.8	0.3637
Dihydroflavonols	3.47	0.06	3.45	0.06	−0.6	0.8317	3.53	0.12	3.09	0.12	−14.2	0.0061	3.36	0.06	3.49	0.06	3.7	0.0968
Catechins	132.74	1.78	107.1	1.78	−23.9	<0.0001	133.89	3.56	96.16	3.62	−39.2	<0.0001	131.24	1.94	117.79	1.92	−11.4	<0.0001
Theaflavins	19.15	0.38	15.62	0.38	−22.6	<0.0001	19.25	0.76	13.51	0.77	−42.5	<0.0001	19,71	0,42	17,46	0,42	−13.0	<0.0001
Flavanons	28.51	0.40	28.14	0.39	−1.3	0.4730	29.46	0.78	23.42	0.79	−25.8	<0.0001	28.97	0.41	27.80	0.40	−4.2	0.0293
Flavones	26.63	0.18	26.75	0.18	0.4	0.6100	27.31	0.38	27.04	0.39	−1.0	0.6037	26.92	0.19	27.17	0.19	0.9	0.3150
Flavonols	73.50	0.55	69.59	0.55	−5.6	<0.0001	73.32	1.16	70.28	1.18	−4.3	0.0532	72.55	0.58	72.14	0.57	−0.6	0.5885
Hydroxybenzoic acids	64.80	1.01	54.03	1.01	−19.9	<0.0001	64.26	2.01	51.34	2.05	−25.2	<0.0001	63.20	1.07	58.88	1.06	−7.3	0.0022
Hydroxycinnamic acids	618.75	5.36	649.10	5.35	4.7	<0.0001	611.10	11.25	695.22	11.44	12.1	<0.0001	620.84	5.75	657.39	5.71	5.6	<0.0001
Total polyphenols	1138.09	5.78	1107.04	5.77	−2.8	<0.0001	1138.91	12.19	1123.9	12.39	−1.3	0.3622	1133.45	6.23	1141.27	6.18	0.7	0.3405
Polyphenol Intakes (mg/day)	CVD						Cardiometabolic Disorders
	Controls		Cases				Controls		Cases
	Mean	SEM	Mean	SEM	RD	p 2	Mean	SEM	Mean	SEM	RD	p 2
Anthocyanins	59.53	2.48	50.16	2.49	−18.7	0.0059	52.13	0.69	48.33	0.69	−7.9	<0.0001
Dihydrochalcones	3.50	0.13	3.33	0.13	−5.1	0.3442	3.41	0.04	3.28	0.04	−4.0	0.0045
Dihydroflavonols	3.50	0.14	3.41	0.15	−2.6	0.6808	3.29	0.04	3.31	0.04	0.6	0.6902
Catechins	130.95	4.65	114.29	4.68	−14.6	0.0091	132.44	1.43	112.25	1.42	−18.0	<0.0001
Theaflavins	18.69	0.96	15.99	0.97	−16.9	0.0041	19.28	0.30	16.49	0.3	−16.9	<0.0001
Flavanons	29.79	1.02	27.16	1.03	−9.7	0.0614	28.56	0.30	27.72	0.3	−3.0	0.0322
Flavones	27.45	0.46	27.35	0.46	−0.4	0.8735	26.67	0.14	26.74	0.14	0.3	0.6714
Flavonols	73.14	1.44	71.23	1.45	−2.7	0.3360	73.17	0.43	70.12	0.43	−4.3	<0.0001
Hydroxybenzoic acids	65.21	2.48	59.02	2.49	−10.5	0.0690	64.3	0.80	56.87	0.80	−13.1	<0.0001
Hydroxycinnamic acids	620.53	14.24	658.11	14.32	5.7	0.0545	618.69	4.24	649.36	4.23	4.7	<0.0001
Total polyphenols	1145.35	15.57	1133.52	15.66	−1.0	0.5796	1133.02	4.60	1116.02	4.58	−1.5	0.0044

¹ Models were adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, number of dietary records and season of dietary assessment (spring/summer or autumn/winter). ² p values are from the comparison between cases and controls using multivariable mixed linear regressions (taking into account the matching). Bold p-values are <0.01 with a relative difference above 5%. RD: Relative difference in intakes between cases and controls. A positive relative difference shows higher intake of nutrient in cases and a negative relative difference shows lower intakes in controls. SEM: Standard error of the mean. CVD: Cardiovascular diseases.