Table 3.
Summary of probiotic effects on IBD in human studies.
| Reference | Subjects | Probiotic Strains/Treatment | Time | Main Outcome | Adverse Event/Adverse Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tamaki et al., 2016 [62] | 56 with mild to moderate UC | B. longum 536 | 8 weeks | Probiotics administration improved clinical symptoms in the patients with mild to moderately active UC | - |
| Yoshimatsu et al., 2015 [63] | 60 outpatients with UC in remission | S. faecalis, C. butyricum and B. mesentericus | 12 months | Probiotic may be effective for maintaining clinical remission in patients with UC | - |
| Krag et al., 2013 [64] | 74 patients with a mild-to-moderate UC | L. plantarum 299v | 8 weeks | Probiotic supplementation was safe, well tolerated, palatable, and able to reduce disease index scores in patients with mild-to-moderate UC | - |
| Petersen et al., 2014 [71] | 100 patients with UC | E. coli Nissle 1917 | 7 weeks | There is no benefit in the use of E. coli Nissle as an add-on treatment to conventional therapies for active UC | - |
| Fedorak et al., 2015 [72] | 119 patients with CD (within 30 days of ileocolonic resection and re-anastomosis | Capsules with bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and S. thermophilus | 90 days | There were no differences in endoscopic recurrence, but mucosal levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, IL-1β were lower among patients who received the probiotic | - |
| Hevia et al., 2014 [73] | 50 healthy individuals, 37 CD patients and 15 UC patients | L. casei subsp. rhamnosus GG | 90 days | Levels of IgA antibodies developed against a cell-wall hydrolase from L. casei subsp. rhamnosus GG were significantly higher in the IBD group | - |
| Ahmed et al., 2013 [74] | 8 patients with CD and 8 patients with UC | L. acidophilus LA-5, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBY-27, B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, S. thermophilus STY-31 and 15 g oligofructose | 1 month | There were no differences in colonic microbiota between patients with CD or UC and the spectrum a bacterium was not altered by synbiotics administration | - |
| Persborn et al., 2013 [75] | 16 patients with chronic pouchitis and 13 individuals as a control | L. acidophilus Ecologic 825: B. bifidum (W23), B. lactis (W51), B. lactis (W52), L. acidophilus (W22), L. casei (W56), L. paracasei (W20), L. plantarum (W62), L. salivarius (W24) and L. lactis (W19) | 8 weeks | Probiotics restored the mucosal barrier to E. coli in patients with pouchitis | - |
| Groeger et al., 2013 [76] | 22 UC patients, 48 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and 26 psoriasis patients | B. infantis 35,624 | 6–8 weeks | Probiotics administration reduced the systemic pro-inflammatory biomarkers in both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal conditions | - |
| Bourreille et al., 2013 [77] | 165 patients with CD | S. boulardii | 52 weeks | Probiotics were well tolerated but it did not show any effect. Twenty-one AEs occurred during the treatment, these affected 17 patients, 9 in the S. boulardii group and 8 in placebo group | Twenty-one AEs occurred during the treatment, these affected 17 patients, 9 in the S. boulardii group and 8 in placebo group |
AE, adverse event; CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, ulcerative colitis.