Table 2.
Comparing maternal IYCF knowledge and practices, and children’s hemoglobin and anemia risk in households at endline versus baseline.
| 2012 1
N = 372 |
2014 1
N = 475 |
Crude RR or Difference of Means (95% CI) 2 | p Value | Adjusted RR or Difference in Means (95% CI) 2,3 | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Nutrition Knowledge | ||||||
| Has heard of iron deficiency | 52 (14.6) | 177 (38.5) | 2.63 (2.00, 3.47) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.83, 3.18) | <0.001 |
| Is able to identify a consequence of iron deficiency/anemia | 46 (12.3) | 334 (70.8) | 5.77 (4.37, 7.62) | <0.001 | 5.48 (4.14, 7.25) | <0.001 |
| Identifies children 0–23 months as particularly vulnerable to iron deficiency/anemia | 14 (4.1) | 175 (37.0) | 9.12 (5.43, 15.32) | <0.001 | 8.48 (5.04, 14.26) | <0.001 |
| IYCF Practices in the previous day | ||||||
| Child was breastfed | 305 (83.1) | 388 (87.7) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.07 | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) | 0.02 |
| Child received solid food (among children aged 6–8 months) 4 | 59 (83.9) | 63 (84.7) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | 0.90 | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 0.86 |
| Child received solid food (among children aged 6–23 months) | 346 (94.1) | 451 (96.0) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.21 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.71 |
| Child consumed food from the following food groups in the previous day: | ||||||
| Meat, fish or shellfish | 141 (38.5) | 212 (45.2) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.38) | 0.05 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) | 0.42 |
| Dairy | 30 (8.1) | 80 (17.1) | 2.11 (1.42, 3.15) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.27, 2.77) | 0.002 |
| Eggs | 11 (2.9) | 28 (6.0) | 2.07 (1.04, 4.14) | 0.04 | 1.68 (0.85, 3.31) | 0.13 |
| Legumes | 102 (27.7) | 127 (27.0) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.22) | 0.84 | 0.94 (0.75, 1.18) | 0.57 |
| Vitamin-A rich fruits and vegetables | 177 (48.1) | 355 (75.5) | 1.57 (1.39, 1.76) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.34, 1.73) | <0.001 |
| Other fruits and vegetables | 55 (15.1) | 318 (67.6) | 4.49 (3.49, 5.76) | <0.001 | 4.28 (3.30, 5.54) | <0.001 |
| Grains, roots or tubers | 345 (93.9) | 453 (96.3) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.17) | 0.12 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.35 |
| Number of food groups consumed | 2.35 ± 1.10 | 3.35 ± 1.31 | 1.00 (0.72, 1.07) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.69, 1.02) | <0.001 |
| Minimum dietary diversity (≥4 groups) 5 | 55 (14.9) | 226 (48.0) | 3.23 (2.48, 4.19) | <0.001 | 2.92 (2.24, 3.80) | <0.001 |
| Frequency of solid/semi-solid food | 3.08 ± 1.22 | 3.31 ± 1.35 | 0.23 (0.05, 0.41) | 0.01 | 0.12 (−0.06, 0.29) | 0.20 |
| Minimum meal frequency 5 | 290 (79.7) | 363 (77.8) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.50 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.24 |
| Minimum acceptable diet 6 | 49 (14.0) | 177 (44.8) | 3.20 (2.41, 4.24) | <0.001 | 2.88 (2.17, 3.82) | <0.001 |
| Among sick children 7, child was fed more breastmilk than usual | 39 (32.2) | 108 (51.5) | 1.60 (1.20, 2.14) | 0.002 | 1.80 (1.32, 2.45) | <0.001 |
| Among sick children 7, child was fed more solid food than usual | 2 (1.6) | 42 (20.0) | 12.27 (2.99, 50.36) | <0.001 | 12.19 (2.96, 50.17) | <0.001 |
| Child’s hemoglobin and anemia risk | ||||||
| Mean hemoglobin (g/L) 8 | 102.4 ± 11.4 | 102.5 ± 14.1 | 0.1 (−1.7, 2.0) | 0.88 | 0.5 (−1.4, 2.3) | 0.64 |
| Prevalence of anemia 8 | 247 (75.3) | 281 (64.9) | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) | 0.002 | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) | 0.003 |
1 Values are mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables; values are weighted based on the population of each district. Where more than 5% of total sample is excluded from analysis, indicator-specific sample sizes are listed below; 2 Relative risks and differences of means compare endline households to baseline households (reference group). Relative risks and corresponding 95% confidence intervals and p-values were estimated using log-binomial regression models. When the log-binomial model did not converge, the poisson distribution was used. Difference of means and corresponding 95% confidence intervals and p-values were from linear regression models. Models were weighted based on the population of each district; 3 Multivariate models adjust for child’s sex and age (6–11, 12–17 or 18–23 months), district, urban vs. rural, household head’s occupation (agriculture/livestock or other), household asset score (0, 1 or ≥2 from 3-item list of transportation (bicycle or car), phone (cell or landline) and electronics (radio or television)), and maternal literacy (able to easily read a newspaper, able to read a newspaper with difficulty, or unable to read newspaper); 4 Sample of children aged 6–8 months: n = 70 in 2012; n = 74 in 2014; 5 Minimum meal frequency defined as ≥2× per day for breastfed infants aged 6–8 months, ≥3× for breastfed children aged 9–23 months, and ≥4× for non-breastfed children 6–23 months; 6 Minimum Acceptable Diet defined as minimum meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity in the previous 24 h for children who are breastfed, and defined as minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity (4 out of 6 food groups excluding dairy), and at least two milk feedings for children who were not breastfed; 7 Sample size of children who have been sick in the previous 2 weeks: n = 121 in 2012 and n = 210 in 2014; 8 Sample sizes for hemoglobin and anemia were n = 328 in 2012; n = 433 in 2014.