Table 2.
Cognitive performance as a function of nutritional supplementation and exercise.
| Duration Production Task Mean (Standard Errors) | Simon Task Mean (Standard Errors) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Produced Duration (ms) | Variance (ms) | Reaction Time (ms) | Errors (%) | |||||||||
| CO | IN | Total | Simon Effect § | CO | IN | Total | Simon Effect § | |||||
| Nutritional supplementation | PL | Block 1 | 1370.7 (50.9) | 197.9 (17.5) | 336.0 (8.7) | 365.5 (9.7) | 350.7 (6.8) | 29.4 (5.7) | 4.7 (0.8) | 9.8 (1.2) | 7.2 (0.8) | 5.1 (1.2) |
| Block 2 | 1313.3 (56.8) | 201.4 (24.0) | 334.3 (7.3) | 359.8 (9.0) | 347.1 (6.0) | 25.5 (5.1) | 4.3 (0.9) | 8.9 (1.3) | 6.6 (0.9) | 4.6 (1.3) | ||
| Block 3 | 1312.7 (58.6) | 185.6 (15.9) | 323.9 (7.7) | 357.6 (7.9) | 340.8 (6.0) | 33.7 (3.7) | 4.6 (0.6) | 8.7 (1.2) | 6.6 (0.7) | 4.2 (1.5) | ||
| Total | 1332.2 (31.8) | 195.0 (11.1) | 331.4 (4.6) ● | 361.1 (5.1) ● | 346.2 (3.6) | 29.5 (2.8) ● | 4.5 (0.4) | 9.1 (0.7) | 6.8 (0.5) | 4.6 (0.8) | ||
| CHO | Block 1 | 1348.9 (44.2) | 186.8 (14.5) | 334.7 (8.1) | 362.2 (8.0) | 348.4 (6) | 27.5 (6.3) | 7.0 (1.5) | 10.4 (1.7) | 8.7 (1.2) | 3.4 (2.6) | |
| Block 2 | 1259.2 (41.0) | 171.6 14.6) | 334.4 (8.4) | 361.8 (8.5) | 348.1 (6.1) | 27.5 (5.5) | 3.3 (0.8) | 9.5 (0.9) | 6.4 (0.8) | 6.3 (1.0) | ||
| Block 3 | 1249.6 (39.4) | 161.5 (11.8) | 324.2 (8.0) | 356.5 (8.1) | 354.6 (6.1) | 32.3 (5.5) | 4.4 (0.9) | 9.8 (1.1) | 7.1 (0.8) | 5.3 (1.2) | ||
| Total | 1285.9 (24.3) ◘ | 173.3 (7.9) ◘ ▲ | 331.1 (4.7) ● | 360.2 (4.7) | 345.6 (3.5) | 29.1 (3.3) ● | 4.9 (0.7) | 9.9 (0.7) | 7.4 (0.5) | 5.0 (1.0) | ||
| CAF | Block 1 | 1292.6 (24.5) | 187.0 (11.8) | 338.0 (8.5) | 364.4 (8.9) | 351.2 (6.3) | 26.4 (5.12) | 5.1 (0.9) | 10.3 (1.3) | 7.7 (0.9) | 5.2 (1.6) | |
| Block 2 | 1255.9 (39.1) | 187.3 (14.3) | 336.8 (8.0) | 360.7 (6.7) | 348.8 (5.5) | 23.9 (4.6) | 3.9 (0.9) | 10.5 (1.4) | 7.2 (0.9) | 6.6 (1.6) | ||
| Block 3 | 1249.0 (31.5) | 167.7 (11.5) | 328.4 (7.4) | 352.4 (7.4) | 340.4 (5.5) | 24 (4.7) | 4.6 (0.8) | 8.5 (1.4) | 6.5 (0.9) | 3.9 (1.7) | ||
| Total | 1265.8 (18.5) ◘ | 180.7 (7.3) ◘ | 334.4 (4.6) | 359.1 (4.4) | 346.8 (3.3) | 24.8 (2.8) | 4.5 (0.5) | 9.8 (0.8) | 7.1 (0.5) | 5.3 (0.9) | ||
| GUA | Block 1 | 1311.2 (35.4) | 193.7 (15.8) | 338.7 (7.9) | 370.4 (8.7) | 354.6 (6.3) | 31.7 (6.4) | 5.8 (1.1) | 10.5 (1.5) | 8.2 (1.0) | 4.6 (1.8) | |
| Block 2 | 1249.9 (40.4) | 176.5 (13.1) | 336.8 (7) | 365.8 (7.9) | 351.3 (5.7) | 29 (5.6) | 3.8 (0.9) | 13.3 (2.3) | 8.6 (1.4) | 9.5 (2.6) | ||
| Block 3 | 1281.1 (40.2) | 170.5 (13.2) | 326.9 (7.9) | 360.1 (7.6) | 343.5 (6.0) | 33.2 (5.4) | 3.0 (0.7) | 12.0 (1.6) | 7.5 (1.1) | 9.0 (2.8) | ||
| Total | 1280.7 (22.2) ◘ | 180.2 (8.1) ◘ | 334.1 (4.4) ■ | 365.4 (4.6) ● | 349.8 (3.4) | 30.0 (3.3) ● | 4.2 (0.6) | 11.9 (1.1) | 8.1 (0.7) | 7.7 (1.2) | ||
| Exercise | Block 1 | 1331.0 (20.0) $ | 191.3 (7.4) $ | 336.9 (4.1) | 365.5 (4.4) | 351.2 (3.2) $ | 28.4 (2.9) | 5.7 (0.6) | 10.2 (0.7) | 8.0 (0.5) | 8.0 (0.5) | |
| Block 2 | 1269.8 (22.3) * | 184.3 (8.5) $ | 335.6 (3.8) | 362.0 (4.0) | 348.8 (2.9) $ | 26.2 (2.6) | 3.8 (0.4) | 10.5 (0.8) | 7.1 (0.5) | 7.1 (0.5) | ||
| Block 3 | 1273.0 (21.7) * | 171.3 (6.6) * | 325.9 (3.8) | 356.6 (3.8) | 340.9 (2.9) | 30.5 (2.4) | 4.1 (0.4) | 9.7 (0.7) | 6.8 (0.4) ~ | 6.8 (0.4) | ||
| Total | 1292.2 (12.4) | 182.9 (4.4) | 332.9 (2.4) | 361.4 (2.3) | 347.2 (2.0) | 29.95 (1.8) | 4.5 (0.3) | 10.2 (0.4) | 7.4 (0.3) | 5.6 (0.5) | ||
§Incongruent (IN) minus congruent (CO) trials. General Linear Models (GLM): * a significant difference was found with block 1; $ a significant difference was found with block 3; ~ a trend effect was found with block 1 (p < 0.05). Magnitude based inference: ◘ a difference was found with placebo mouth rinsing, PL MR; ▲ a difference was found with guarana mouth rinsing, GUA MR; ● a difference was found with caffeine mouth rinsing, CAF MR; ■ a difference was found with carbohydrate mouth rinsing, CHO MR (75–95% likely different).