Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics (n = 141).
| Variable | Mean (SD) | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 28.8 (6.2) | - |
| Gestational age (weeks) a | 38.8 (1.5) | - |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) b | 51.9 (10.2) | - |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 (4.3) | - |
| Parity | ||
| Primiparous | - | 47 (33.3) |
| Multiparous | - | 94 (66.7) |
| Presence of hyperemesis gravidarum c | - | 23 (16.3) |
| History of miscarriage or abortion | - | 38 (26.9) |
| History of LBW delivery | - | 28 (19.9) |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2921.5 (687.7) | - |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 532.7 (133.8) | - |
| Total protein intake (g/day) | 71.2 (16.8) | - |
| Fat intake (g/day) | 45.8 (16.9) | - |
a n = 126. b Measured at the first antenatal clinic visit, usually around 6–8 weeks gestation. c During first trimester. BMI: body mass index; LBW: low birth weight. SD: standard deviation.