Table 4.
Neonatal birth weight by maternal and neonatal characteristics, ANOVA.
| Variable | Sub-category | n | Birth Weight (g) Mean (SD) | 95% CI | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | - | 126 | 2874.6 (497) | 2787.0–2962.2 | - |
| Education level | None/primary | 20 | 2831 (428) | 2612.5–3049.5 | 0.629 |
| Secondary | 100 | 2867.6 (508) | 2769.9–2965.3 | ||
| Higher | 4 | 3091 (391) | 2603–3580 | ||
| Income level (LKR) | <9000 | 5 | 3130 (432) | 2702–3558 | 0.093 |
| 9000–13,999 | 22 | 2702 (499) | 2498–2906 | ||
| 14,000–19,999 | 31 | 2965 (573) | 2793–3136 | ||
| 20,000–31,999 | 50 | 2803.3 (454) | 2667.9–2938.7 | ||
| ≥32,000 | 16 | 3036.9 (352.8) | 2797.6–3276.2 | ||
| Area of residence | Urban | 13 | 2754 (519) 1,2 | 2492–3016 | 0.011 * |
| Sub-urban | 54 | 2747.1 (461.9) 1 | 2618.0–2875.7 | ||
| Rural | 57 | 3011.4 (481.9) 2 | 2886.3–3136.5 | ||
| History of LBW deliveries | Yes | 24 | 2684.2 (418.2) | 2486.1–2882.2 | 0.036 * |
| No | 102 | 2919.4 (505.2) | 2823.3–3015.4 | ||
| History of miscarriage or abortion | Yes | 33 | 2898.9 (507.6) | 2727.1–3070.8 | 0.744 |
| No | 93 | 2865.9 (495.7) | 2763.5–2968.3 | ||
| Hyperemesis gravidarum a | Yes | 20 | 2800.5 (366.5) | 2582.4–3018.6 | 0.499 |
| No | 104 | 2882.1 (512.5) | 2786.4–2977.7 | ||
| Parity | Primiparous | 45 | 2770.1 (430.5) | 2624.7–2915.5 | 0.079 |
| Multiparous | 81 | 2932.6 (523.9) | 2824.2–3041.0 | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI category b | Underweight | 27 | 2771.5 (459.8) | 2523.2–2899.8 | 0.231 |
| Normal | 70 | 2912.5 (442.5) | 2795.5–3029.5 | ||
| Overweight | 22 | 2895 (673) | 2687–3104 | ||
| Obese | 7 | 3059 (464) | 2689–3428 | ||
| Total GWG category | Within recommended | 32 | 2912.8 (539.7) 1,2 | 2740.8–3084.8 | 0.042 * |
| Below recommended | 71 | 2863.9 (458.5) 1 | 2748.4–2979.3 | ||
| Over recommended | 3 | 3600 (721) 2 | 3038–4162 | ||
| Energy intake c | <EER | 24 | 2692 (533) | 2491–2892 | 0.039 * |
| ≥EER | 97 | 2927.8 (487) | 2828.0–2037.6 | ||
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 229–429 | 30 | 2686.7 (498.1) 1 | 2508.5–2864.9 | 0.033 |
| 430–629 | 64 | 2957.7 (486) 2 | 2853.7–3097.7 | ||
| 630–829 | 27 | 2872.2 (503.6) 1,2 | 2684.4–3060.1 | ||
| Protein intake d | <RDA | 24 | 2913 (601) | 2708–3117 | 0.733 |
| ≥RDA | 97 | 2873.1 (479.1) | 2771.6–2974.7 | ||
| Sex of the newborn | Male | 61 | 2852.9 (477.3) | 2726.5–2979.2 | 0.637 |
| Female | 65 | 2894.9 (517.7) | 2772.5–3017.3 |
a During first trimester. b Based on WHO international BMI cut-off values. c EER for the pregnancy second trimester based on IOM 2009 guidelines [14]. d RDA based on IOM Food and Nutrition Board 2002/2005 guidelines [15]. 1,2,3 Values with the same superscript Arabic numeral do not represent a significance difference. Sample sizes vary slightly because of missing data. Compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. * p < 0.05.