Figure 1.

Routes for in vivo GA-AGE generation/accumulation: The chronic consumption of an excessive amount of the daily diet (containing HFCS/sucrose) increases the levels of the sugar metabolite, glyceraldehyde (GA) by fructolysis/glycolysis in the liver. The GA produced induces the generation of GA-AGEs in intracellular compartments. As a result, GA-AGEs accumulate in cells and cause cell damage. HFCS: high-fructose corn syrup; FK: fructokinase; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; G-3-P: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; F-1-P: fructose-1-phosphate; DHA-P: dihydroxyacetone-phosphate; TG: triglyceride; GA-AGEs: glyceraldehyde (GA)-derived AGEs; Protein-NH₂: free amino residues of proteins.