TABLE 3.
Prevalence of anemia by micronutrient deficiencies, inflammation, and health conditions in nonpregnant women of reproductive age by country and by infection burden: the BRINDA project1
| Iron |
Vitamin A |
Folate |
Vitamin B-12 |
Inflammation |
BMI, kg/m2 |
Malaria | ||||||||||
| Survey | Deficient | Sufficient | Insufficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Sufficient | Deficient | Sufficient | Yes | No | <18.5 | 18.5–24.9 | 25.0–29.9 | ≥30 | Yes | No |
| High infection burden, % | 63.3 | 34.8*** | 56.5 | 38.5*** | 50.8 | 47.2 | 55.9 | 47.8 | 52.9 | 36.5*** | 49.2 | 43.7 | 32.8 | 28.0*** | 46.6 | 41.4 |
| Cameroon | 68.6 | 28.1*** | 52.7 | 32.6*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | 51.3 | 32.0*** | 46.6 | 41.1 | 25.2 | 24.4*** | 45.5 | 34.7* |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 68.5 | 45.5*** | 63.6 | 48.3* | 50.8 | 47.2 | 55.9 | 47.8 | 58.4 | 46.3** | 55.5 | 50.7 | 49.8 | 35.0 | 57.5 | 49.5 |
| Laos | 50.4 | 28.4*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 42.2 | 34.9 | 39.7 | 36.8 | 28.1 | 27.6 | NA | NA |
| Liberia | 52.7 | 26.2*** | 47.0 | 29.9*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | 46.9 | 30.3*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | 37.2 | 32.6 |
| Papua New Guinea | NA | NA | 63.7 | 33.5*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | 44.6 | 32.9* | 56 | 38.1 | 20.3 | 23.8*** | NA | NA |
| Moderate infection burden, % | 24.4 | 6.7*** | NA | NA | 19.0 | 12.8 | 3.6 | 11.1 | 14 | 12.1 | 9.9 | 11.8 | 13.0 | 12.6 | NA | NA |
| Colombia | 18.1 | 4.2*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.7 | 6.1 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 9.2 | 7.4 | 8.0 | 8.8 | NA | NA |
| Mexico 2006 | 25.8 | 8.4*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14.8 | 13.9 | 12.5 | 13.6 | 14.9 | 12.5 | NA | NA |
| Mexico 2012 | 24.6 | 6.6*** | NA | NA | 19.0 | 12.8 | 11.3 | 13.0 | 15.7 | 12.4 | 8.1 | 12.8 | 13.0 | 13.3 | NA | NA |
| Low infection burden, % | 25.6 | 2.4*** | 25.2 | 6.2*** | 10.8 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 6.2* | 3.6 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 9.2** | NA | NA |
| Georgia | 51.2 | 23.2** | NA | NA | 23.5 | 19.1 | NA | NA | 27.8 | 21.8* | 31.3 | 23.7 | 21.0 | 23.0 | NA | NA |
| United States | 25.5 | 2.0*** | 25.2 | 6.2*** | 9.6 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 6.0** | 3.0 | 4.7 | 7.0 | 9.1** | NA | NA |
All values are means. Iron deficiency was defined as an inflammation-adjusted ferritin concentration <15 μg/L. Vitamin A insufficiency was defined as an unadjusted retinol-binding protein or retinol concentration <1.05 μmol/L. Folate deficiency was defined as a serum or plasma folate concentration <10 nmol/L. Vitamin B-12 deficiency was defined as a serum or plasma vitamin B-12 concentration <150 pmol/L. Any inflammation was defined as a C-reactive protein concentration >5 mg/L or α-1-acid glycoprotein concentration >1 g/L. *,**,***Pearson’s chi-square test: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. BRINDA, Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia; NA, not available