TABLE 4.
Prevalence of anemia by sociodemographic factors in nonpregnant women of reproductive age by country and by infection burden: the BRINDA project1
| Age, y |
Residence |
Socioeconomic status |
Sanitation facilities |
Water source |
Educational attainment |
|||||||||||||
| 15–20 | 21–30 | 31–40 | 41–49 | Rural | Urban | Low | Medium | High | None | Unimproved | Improved | Unimproved | Improved | None | Primary | Secondary | University or trade | |
| Survey, % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cameroon | 34.8 | 37.5 | 34.9 | 33.3 | 36.1 | 36.4 | 40.2 | 33.1 | 34.7 | 61.4 | 38.2 | 34.8 | 40.7 | 35.0 | 44.6 | 34.3 | 31.8 | 41.6 |
| Colombia | 59.5 | 47.3 | 50.1 | 48.5 | 55.2 | 45.4** | 56.3 | 48.3 | 41.2** | 52.9 | 53.1 | 48.1 | 58.9 | 48.3 | 52.4 | 47.5 | 51.1 | 36.2 |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 6.2 | 6.4 | 9.5 | 10.7*** | 9.1 | 7.6 | 9.6 | 7.3 | 6.2*** | 6.4 | 11.2 | 8.7 | 7.3 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 9.1 |
| Georgia | 26.6 | 18.8 | 26.5 | 23.7 | 24.5 | 22.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 29.6 | 25.9 | 23.1 | 23.5 |
| Laos | 40.9 | 35.2 | 35.9 | 32.4 | 40.0 | 27.7* | 47.2 | 31.1 | 26.7*** | 46.5 | 27.7 | 26.4*** | 36.5 | 35.7 | 45.1 | 37.6 | 28.4 | NCs* |
| Liberia | 40.2 | 33.2 | 31.7 | 26.6* | 33.1 | 33.6 | 30.7 | 35.3 | 33.0 | 33.7 | 31.6 | 35.0 | 22.8 | 35.2*** | 29.0 | 35.6 | 38.8 | 28.3** |
| Mexico 2006 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 14.4 | 16.0** | 12.2 | 13.2 | 14.6 | 13.1 | 9.5* | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Mexico 2012 | 12.3 | 14.6 | 13.1 | 15.5 | 17.0 | 12.7 | 15.5 | 14.3 | 7.6* | 17.1 | 13.3 | 13.9 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Papua New Guinea | 34.2 | 34.5 | 36.0 | 35.7 | 38.7 | 21.5** | 41.8 | 32.0 | 29.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 35.9 | 35.9 | 34.5 | NCs |
| United States | 6.6 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 9.0** | NA | NA | 10.0 | 6.6 | 4.1*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NCs | NCs | 7.0 | 6.1 |
| Infection burden, % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Low | 6.8 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 9.2** | 24.5 | 22.2 | 10.0 | 6.6 | 4.1*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 29.6 | 25.9 | 7.2 | 6.3 |
| Moderate | 9.7 | 11.0 | 13.3 | 14.9* | 13.6 | 11.9 | 14.2 | 12.5 | 8.4*** | 14.6 | 13.3 | 13.1 | 7.3 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 9.1 |
| High | 44.6 | 40.1 | 40.0 | 37.8 | 42.4 | 38.4 | 45.8 | 38.4 | 34.8*** | 49.3 | 38.9 | 39.3** | 41.9 | 41.1 | 46.5 | 38.4 | 35.4 | 36.8*** |
All values are means. Household sanitation and drinking water source were defined according to the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for water supply and sanitation. Sanitation: none = open defecation. Countries were categorized by infection burden as follows—low: Georgia and the United States; moderate: Colombia and Mexico (2006 and 2012); high: Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Laos, and Papua New Guinea. *,**,***Pearson’s chi-square P values indicate that the proportion in at least one subgroup is significantly different from the values in the other subgroups: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. BRINDA, Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia; NA, not available; NC, no case in the subgroup.