TABLE 1.
Age and prevalence of inflammation in preschool children and nonpregnant women of reproductive age by survey, including gross national incomes: the BRINDA project1
| CRP |
AGP |
CRP or AGP |
||||||
| Survey | GNI, $ | n | Age,2 mean (95% CI) | Median (95% CI) | Elevated, % (95% CI) | Median (95% CI) | Elevated, % (95% CI) | Elevated, % (95% CI) |
| Preschool children | ||||||||
| Bangladesh | 780 | 1493 | 7.7 (6, 11) | 0.9 (0.0, 18.5) | 14.3 (12.5, 16.0) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 33.4 (31.0, 35.8) | 35.8 (33.4, 38.3) |
| Cameroon | 1160 | 792 | 29.6 (12, 59) | 2.3 (0.1, 17.7) | 37.8 (34.3, 41.3) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 39.3 (35.8, 42.9) | 48.5 (44.9, 52.1) |
| Colombia | 7140 | 3866 | 38.0 (12, 59) | 0.2 (0.1, 20.0) | 18.8 (17.2, 20.5) | — | — | — |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 980 | 746 | 29.8 (6, 59) | 2.9 (0.2, 38.1) | 40.2 (36.6, 43.9) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.1) | 64.3 (60.7, 67.9) | 67.3 (63.8, 70.9) |
| Georgia | 2820 | 2142 | 36.2 (12, 59) | 1.0 (0.5, 23.6) | 24.7 (22.5, 26.9) | — | — | — |
| Kenya 2007 | 730 | 896 | 19.3 (6, 36) | 1.5 (0.0, 25.8) | 27.8 (24.9, 30.7) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.2) | 64.2 (61.0, 67.3) | 66.0 (62.9, 69.1) |
| Kenya 2010 | 1000 | 849 | 22.2 (6, 35) | 2.0 (0.1, 39.7) | 34.2 (31.0, 37.3) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) | 60.8 (57.5, 64.1) | 62.0 (58.7, 65.2) |
| Laos | 510 | 481 | 33.2 (6, 59) | 0.6 (0.0, 14.0) | 16.6 (12.8, 20.4) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 41.7 (36.8, 46.6) | 44.0 (39.2, 48.9) |
| Liberia | 320 | 1434 | 19.2 (6, 36) | 2.0 (0.1, 26.3) | 29.5 (26.8, 32.3) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 56.2 (53.4, 59.1) | 59.1 (56.3, 62.0) |
| Mexico 2006 | 8280 | 1592 | 43.2 (13, 59) | 0.5 (0.1, 9.5) | 11.2 (8.9, 13.5) | — | — | — |
| Mexico 2012 | 9560 | 2539 | 37.0 (12, 59) | 0.4 (0.0, 11.0) | 11.7 (9.2, 14.1) | — | — | — |
| Nicaragua | 1180 | 1424 | 34.2 (6, 59) | — | — | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 24.0 (20.6, 27.3) | — |
| Philippines | 2640 | 1767 | 15.4 (6, 24) | 0.7 (0.0, 21.4) | 13.9 (11.6, 16.2) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 21.2 (18.4, 23.9) | 26.0 (23.0, 28.9) |
| Pakistan | 1150 | 7557 | 24.4 (6, 59) | — | — | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 35.5 (34.3, 36.7) | — |
| Papua New Guinea | 700 | 872 | 30.6 (6, 59) | 2.0 (0.0, 18.3) | 31.6 (28.4, 34.8) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 54.2 (50.7, 57.6) | 57.0 (53.6, 60.5) |
| United States | 46,340 | 1315 | 36.3 (12, 59) | 0.2 (0.1, 6.8) | 6.0 (4.4, 7.7) | — | — | — |
| Women of reproductive age | ||||||||
| Cameroon | 1160 | 760 | 26.0 (15, 48) | 1.2 (0.1, 12.2) | 18.1 (15.3, 20.9) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.0) | 7.1 (5.2, 9.0) | 20.0 (17.1, 23.0) |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 980 | 834 | 26.1 (15, 48) | 1.6 (0.2, 15.7) | 19.6 (16.8, 22.5) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 26.7 (23.5, 29.9) | 33.6 (30.2, 37.0) |
| Colombia | 7140 | 9083 | 27.4 (15, 49) | 0.2 (0.1, 17.7) | 21.7 (20.6, 22.8) | — | — | — |
| Georgia | 2820 | 1688 | 31.7 (15, 49) | 1.8 (0.5, 24.1) | 29.5 (26.9, 32.0) | — | — | — |
| Laos | 510 | 816 | 28.3 (15, 49) | 0.4 (0.0, 7.9) | 7.9 (5.8, 10.0) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 9.3 (7.2, 11.5) | 13.9 (11.3, 16.5) |
| Liberia | 320 | 1942 | 27.1 (15, 49) | 1.0 (0.2, 18.6) | 14.2 (12.4, 15.9) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | 10.2 (8.7, 11.7) | 18.4 (16.4, 20.3) |
| Mexico 2006 | 8280 | 3032 | 31.1 (15, 49) | 1.8 (0.2, 11.2) | 24.2 (21.6, 26.9) | — | — | — |
| Mexico 2012 | 9560 | 3631 | 33.5 (15, 49) | 1.9 (0.2, 12.8) | 20.7 (18.2, 23.2) | — | — | — |
| Papua New Guinea | 700 | 749 | 27.7 (15, 49) | 0.6 (0.0, 9.0) | 10.0 (7.6, 12.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.3) | 21.8 (18.5, 25.1) | 24.8 (21.4, 28.3) |
| United States | 46,340 | 3196 | 34.5 (15, 49) | 1.9 (0.1, 17.1) | 25.6 (23.7, 27.6) | — | — | — |
1
Elevated CRP was defined as a CRP concentration >5 mg/L. Elevated AGP was defined as an AGP concentration >1 g/L. AGP, α-1-acid glycoprotein; BRINDA, Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia; CRP, C-reactive protein; GNI, gross national income per capita.
2
Age is given in months for preschool children and in years for women of reproductive age.