TABLE 3.
Unadjusted ORs of elevated acute-phase protein concentrations given recent illness or malaria in preschool children and nonpregnant women of reproductive age by survey: the BRINDA project1
| Survey | Fever | Cough | Diarrhea | Malaria |
| CRP concentration >5 mg/L | ||||
| Preschool children | ||||
| Cameroon | — | — | — | 7.43 (5.2, 10.57)** |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 1.67 (1.25, 2.22)** | 1.48 (1.05, 2.10)* | 1.06 (0.73, 1.53) | 4.96 (3.20, 7.68)** |
| Colombia | — | — | — | — |
| Georgia | 2.43 (1.83, 3.24)** | 1.72 (1.31, 2.27)** | 1.34 (0.85, 2.12) | — |
| Kenya 2007 | — | — | — | 3.99 (2.86, 5.57)** |
| Kenya 2010 | — | — | — | 7.53 (5.09, 11.13)** |
| Laos | 2.43 (1.50, 3.94)** | 1.46 (0.82, 2.61) | 1.55 (0.92, 2.62) | — |
| Liberia | 2.15 (1.58, 2.92)** | 1.16 (0.89, 1.51) | 1.04 (0.79, 1.36) | 3.43 (2.65, 4.43)** |
| Mexico 2006 | — | 1.33 (0.67, 2.64) | 0.39 (0.05, 3.23) | — |
| Mexico 2012 | — | 1.30 (0.75, 2.25) | 11.52 (1.68, 79.15)* | — |
| Nicaragua | — | — | — | — |
| Philippines | 2.21 (1.57, 3.13)** | 1.11 (0.70, 1.77) | 1.02 (0.58, 1.82) | — |
| Women of reproductive age | ||||
| Cameroon | — | — | — | 2.88 (1.94, 4.28)** |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 1.36 (0.84, 2.20) | 1.48 (0.89, 2.45) | 2.11 (1.26, 3.55)** | 3.88 (2.04, 7.41)** |
| Liberia | — | — | — | 3.42 (2.52, 4.64)** |
| Mexico 2006 | — | — | 2.14 (0.21, 21.52) | — |
| Mexico 2012 | — | 1.04 (0.56, 1.94) | 2.00 (0.34, 11.63) | — |
| AGP concentration >1 g/L | ||||
| Preschool children | ||||
| Cameroon | — | — | — | 7.33 (4.93, 10.88)** |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 2.07 (1.56, 2.75)** | 1.38 (1.06, 1.80)* | 1.72 (1.22, 2.44)** | 3.72 (2.44, 5.69)** |
| Kenya 2007 | — | — | — | 4.41 (2.63, 7.40)** |
| Kenya 2010 | — | — | — | 7.40 (4.94, 11.09)** |
| Laos | 3.87 (2.23, 6.73)** | 1.72 (1.15, 2.58)* | 2.18 (1.38, 3.44)** | — |
| Liberia | 1.34 (1.04, 1.73)* | 1.15 (0.89, 1.48) | 1.46 (1.17, 1.80)** | 3.12 (2.34, 4.17)** |
| Philippines | 3.01 (2.07, 4.39)** | 1.15 (0.74, 1.77) | 1.36 (0.93, 2.00) | — |
| Pakistan | — | 1.28 (1.13, 1.44)** | 1.27 (1.13, 1.43)** | — |
| Women of reproductive age | ||||
| Cameroon | — | — | — | 3.25 (1.85, 5.70)** |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 1.91 (1.32, 2.77)** | 1.86 (1.14, 3.01)* | 1.91 (1.09, 3.35)* | 2.98 (1.52, 5.84)** |
| Liberia | — | — | — | 2.19 (1.49, 3.22)** |
All values are ORs (Wald’s 95% CIs). Values were computed within each survey separately while accounting for a complex survey design (clustering, weighting, and stratification). Fever, cough, and diarrhea represent number of episodes within a 2-wk recall, and malaria was determined by parasitemia. Malaria was classified with the use of microscopy in Kenya and Côte d’Ivoire, plasma histidine-rich protein 2 in Cameroon, and a rapid diagnostic test in Liberia. Surveys that are not listed did not have data available. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. AGP, α-1-acid glycoprotein, BRINDA, Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia; CRP, C-reactive protein.