TABLE 4.
Adjusted ORs of elevated acute-phase protein concentrations given demographic characteristics and anthropometric measures in preschool children by survey: the BRINDA project1
| Survey | Sex | Age, mo | Rural | SES | Stunting | Wasting | Overweight |
| CRP concentration >5 mg/L | |||||||
| Bangladesh | 0.86 (0.57, 1.28) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | — | — | 1.00 (0.69, 1.44) | 1.24 (0.88, 1.74) | 0.86 (0.44, 1.68) |
| Cameroon | 1.22 (0.89, 1.68) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.31) | 2.05 (1.27, 3.31)** | 1.16 (0.75, 1.79) | 0.43* (0.19, 0.99)* | 0.98 (0.67, 1.43) |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 0.77 (0.55, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.76 (1.21, 2.57)** | 1.49 (1.07, 2.08)* | 1.13 (0.79, 1.63) | 1.21 (0.81, 1.82) | 0.95 (0.55, 1.63) |
| Colombia | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) | 0.77 (0.58, 1.03) | 1.14 (0.87, 1.5) | 1.23 (0.91, 1.67) | 0.81 (0.28, 2.32) | 1.06 (0.82, 1.38) |
| Georgia | 0.86 (0.68, 1.09) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.38) | 1.37 (0.88, 2.11) | 1.93 (0.54, 6.83) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.21) |
| Kenya 2007 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | — | 1.02 (0.73, 1.43) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.30) | 2.06 (0.94, 4.51) | 0.93 (0.6, 1.47) |
| Kenya 2010 | 0.78 (0.57, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | — | 1.07 (0.79, 1.45) | 1.10 (0.79, 1.53) | 3.04 (1.06, 8.69) | 1.24 (0.87, 1.77) |
| Laos | 0.90 (0.49, 1.67) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 0.48 (0.19, 1.18) | 1.26 (0.69, 2.27) | 1.50 (0.64, 3.54) | 2.01 (0.87, 4.62) | 0.48 (0.09, 2.55) |
| Liberia | 1.10 (0.83, 1.47) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 2.04 (1.44, 2.90)** | 1.12 (0.79, 1.57) | 1.21 (0.93, 1.57) | 1.42 (0.89, 2.28) | 1.13 (0.73, 1.75) |
| Mexico 2006 | 1.05 (0.67, 1.64) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 1.01 (0.64, 1.59) | 1.22 (0.72, 2.07) | 1.45 (0.82, 2.57) | 1.42 (0.30, 6.73) | 1.21 (0.72, 2.05) |
| Mexico 2012 | 1.37 (0.86, 2.20) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.05) | 0.57 (0.35, 0.93)* | 2.34 (1.23, 4.46)** | 0.70 (0.09, 5.58) | 0.65 (0.39, 1.09) |
| Philippines | 1.05 (0.84, 1.48) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 0.65 (0.46, 0.94)* | 1.68 (1.00, 2.82) | 0.74 (0.45, 1.21) | 1.29 (0.56, 2.97) | 0.71 (0.37, 1.38) |
| Papua New Guinea | 1.13 (0.83, 1.53) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)** | 1.05 (0.52, 2.09) | 1.00 (0.63, 1.61) | 2.26 (1.62, 3.16)** | 1.35 (0.71, 2.56) | 0.53 (0.32, 0.86)** |
| United States | 0.66 (0.36, 1.20) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) | — | 1.16 (0.69, 1.98) | 0.20 (0.03, 1.46) | — | 1.01 (0.54, 1.88) |
| AGP concentration >1 g/L | |||||||
| Bangladesh | 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | — | — | 1.39 (1.13, 1.71)** | 1.39 (1.06, 1.82)* | 1.16 (0.7, 1.92) |
| Cameroon | 1.02 (0.74, 1.40) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.60 (0.33, 1.09) | 2.15 (1.25, 3.71)** | 2.05 (1.41, 2.99)** | 0.52 (0.21, 1.28) | 0.84 (0.56, 1.25) |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 0.85 (0.61, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 2.09 (1.38, 3.17)** | 1.28 (0.81, 2.02) | 1.46 (1.05, 2.02)* | 1.58 (1.00, 2.50) | 1.03 (0.58, 1.81) |
| Kenya 2007 | 1.01 (0.75, 1.37) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | — | 1.12 (0.85, 1.49) | 1.71 (1.21, 2.41)** | 1.81 (0.77, 4.25) | 1.25 (0.85, 1.83) |
| Kenya 2010 | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | — | 1.37 (1.02, 1.85)* | 1.45 (1.05, 2.00)* | 5.60 (1.69, 18.57)** | 1.25 (0.91, 1.71) |
| Laos | 1.56 (1.07, 2.26)* | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 1.04 (0.51, 2.12) | 1.06 (0.62, 1.79) | 1.02 (0.65, 1.59) | 1.51 (0.65, 3.49) | 0.53 (0.18, 1.53) |
| Liberia | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03)* | 1.55 (1.14, 2.11)** | 1.3 (0.94, 1.79) | 1.62 (1.23, 2.13)** | 1.81 (1.23, 2.66)** | 0.95 (0.64, 1.42) |
| Philippines | 1.04 (0.75, 1.44) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.97)** | 1.43 (0.91, 2.23) | 1.28 (0.80, 2.06) | 1.14 (0.55, 2.37) | 0.69 (0.40, 1.19) |
| Pakistan | 0.89 (0.80, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 1.25 (1.09, 1.44)** | 1.24 (1.09, 1.42)** | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.13) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.29) |
| Papua New Guinea | 0.96 (0.72, 1.29) | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99)** | 0.90 (0.52, 1.56) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 1.65 (1.20, 2.27)** | 2.09 (0.87, 5.05) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.28) |
All values are ORs (95% CIs). Values were adjusted for all variables in the row. Data of rural residence compared with urban residence were based on a report by survey implementers. Household SES was classified as low, medium, or high on the basis of household member employment in Georgia, household income in Papua New Guinea, the poverty-index ratio in the United States, and an asset score in all other surveys; for bivariate analyses, the low-SES group was compared with a reference group of medium-SES and high-SES combined. For children ≥24 mo of age, overweight indicated a BMI-for-age z score >1 compared with normal BMI for age as determined with the use of a WHO macro. For children <24 mo of age, overweight indicated a weight-for-length z score >1 compared with normal weight for length (WHO 2006). Breastfeeding was based on a caregiver report that the child breastfed ≥1 time in the past 24 h. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. AGP, α-1-acid glycoprotein; BRINDA, Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia; CRP, C-reactive protein; SES, socioeconomic status.