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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Nurs Scholarsh. 2016 Aug 3;48(5):437–447. doi: 10.1111/jnu.12233

Table 2.

Comparison of Selected Self-Management (SM) Frameworks and their Characteristics

Framework/Model Definition Scope Components Outcomes Comment
Process Outcome Individual Family
Lorig & Holman (2003)
Self-Management Education		 x x SM tasks:

  1. medical/behavioral management

  2. role management,

  3. emotional management


SM skills:

  1. problem solving

  2. decision making

  3. finding and utilizing resources

  4. forming partnerships with healthcare providers

  5. taking action


Self-tailoring (using SM skills and knowledge and applying these as appropriate)
Self-efficacy enhancement: action planning, modeling, reinterpreting, social persuasion		 Improved SM behavior

Improved health status

Healthcare utilization		 SM: person/patient responsible for day-to-day management of health-promoting activity or living with a chronic disease.
Grey et al. (2015)
Self and Family Management
(revision of Grey et al. [2006] framework)		 x x x Facilitators and barriers: personal/lifestyle, health status, resources, environment, healthcare systems
Processes: focusing on illness needs, activating resources, living with the condition		 Proximal outcomes: behaviors, cognitions, biomarkers, symptom management
Distal outcomes: health status, individual outcomes, family outcomes, health care		 SM is in context of family management of the condition.
Knafl & Deatrick (2003)
Family Management Style Framework
(revision of Knafl et al. [1996])		 x Sociocultural context: Perceived influences on management
Major:

  1. definition of situation

  2. management behaviors

  3. perceived consequences


Family members: child, mother father, sibling
Family management style		 Individual functioning
Family functioning		 Family management style is the family response to childhood illness.
Ryan & Sawin (2009)
Individual and Family Self-Management Theory		 x x x x Context: risk and protective factors (condition specific, physical, social and environmental, individual and family)
Process of SM: knowledge and beliefs, self-regulation skills and abilities, social facilitation		 Proximal outcomes: SM behaviors, cost of healthcare services
Distal outcomes: health status, quality of life/well-being, cost of health		 SM involves the use of specific processes, can be affected by specific programs and interventions, and results in specific types of outcomes.