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Area covered by each spreading factor using the Okumura propagation model.
| SF | Sensitivity Range (dBm) [28] | Distance Range (km) | Total Area (km) | Percentage in Total Area |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | (−137, −135) | (8.13, 7.15) | 47.02 | 22.65 |
| 11 | (−135, −133) | (7.15, 6.28) | 36.69 | 17.67 |
| 10 | (−133, −130) | (6.28, 5.18) | 39.58 | 19.07 |
| 9 | (−130, −129) | (5.18. 4.86) | 10.09 | 4.86 |
| 8 | (−129, −124) | (4.86, 3.52) | 35.25 | 16.99 |
| 7 | (−124, − | (3.52, 0) | 38.91 | 18.75 |
| Total area covered by the gateway | 207.54 |
