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. 2017 Jun 6;9(6):137. doi: 10.3390/v9060137

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of dengue virus (DENV) genome. Location of the viral 5′ and 3′ untranslated region (UTR) and the open reading frame (ORF) indicating the structural (C-prM-E) and non-structural proteins (NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5). RNA structural elements located in the 5′ end includes the exoribonuclease XRN1 resistant RNA (xrRNA), stem loop B (SLB), 5′UAR (upstream AUG region), capsid-coding region hairpin element (cHP) and 5′CS (conserved sequence). The 3′UTR are defined into three domains: domain I (variable region) consists of xrRNA1 and xrRNA2, strengthened by pseudoknots (PKs) 1 and 2. Domain II incorporates dumbbell structures DB1 and DB2, which contain repeated conserved sequence 2 (RCS2) and CS2 sequences together with PK3 and PK4. Domain III is the most conserved region with short hairpin structure (sHP), CS1, 3′UAR, and 3′CS, which makes up the 3′SL (stem loop). XRN1 stalls at the first stem loop, as indicated. In the case of DENV4, where xrRNA1 is missing, XRN1 stalls at xrRNA2. C: capsid; E: envelope; prM: pre-membrane.