Table 1: Prevalence, Demography, Clinical Presentation, In-Hospital Management, and In-Hospital Mortality Rate of Patients Admitted with Pulmonary Oedema in Recent European Heart Failure Registries.
| EHFS II[3] (2004–2005) | HF pilot[4] (2009–2010) | RO-AHFS[5] (2008–2009) | ALARM HF[6] (2006–2007) | AHEAD[7] (2006–2009) | OFICA[8] (2009) | |
| PO prevalence (%) | 16.2 | 13.3 | 28.7 | 37 | 18.4 | 38 |
| Age (years) | 71.2±11 | 72.7±11 | 70.9 ± 10.4 | – | 73.8 | 80 |
| Male (%) | 59.4 | – | 49.7 | – | 55.9 | 48 |
| Ischemic etiology (%) | 55 | 56.5 | 70.8 | 31.8 | 67.4 | 49 |
| LVEF >45 % (%) | 38.4 | 26.7 | 39 | 25.3 | 35 | 42 |
| AFib (%) | 28.1 | 26.3 | 25.1 | 24.7 | 21.4 | – |
| SBP (mmHg) | – | 146±37 | 167.2±43.3 | 138.5+37.1 | 145 (95; 218) | 130 (110–150) |
| HR (beats/minute) | 100 | 97±24 | 103.4±25.3 | 109.5+25.2 | 98 (63; 141) | 88 (73–104) |
| IV diuretics (%) | 94 | 94.5 | 88.6 | 94.9 | – | – |
| IV vasodilators (%) | 72.7 | 62.5 | 73.6 | 50.3 | – | – |
| IV inotropes (%) | 29 | 14.6 | 18.4 | 25 | 20.1 | 8.8 |
| NIMV (%) | 20.5 | – | 1.8 | 10.8 | 9.2 | 15.4 |
| IMV (%) | 11 | – | 7 | 15.8 | 17.1 | – |
| PO–ACM (%) | 9.1 | 5.6 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.3 |
ACM = all-cause mortality; AFib = atrial fibrillation; AHEAD = Acute Heart Failure Database; ALARM-HF = Acute Heart Failure Global Survey of Standard Treatment; ESC-HF pilot = European Society of Cardiology – Heart Failure pilot study; EHFS II = European Heart Failure Survey II; HR = heart rate; IV = intravenous; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; NIMV = noninvasive mechanical ventilation; OFICA = French Observational Survey on Acute Heart Failure; PO = pulmonary oedema; RO-AHFS = Romanian Acute Heart Failure Syndromes; SBP = systolic blood pressure.