Table 3. Effect sizes for predictor variables for groups with different levels of engagement in health behaviors.
| Effect Size (d) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 (High) | Group 2 (Moderate) | Group 3 (Low) | Group 4 (Very low) | ||
| (n = 92) | (n = 50) | (n = 64) | (n = 5) | ||
| Health behavior cognitions | |||||
| Engage in exercise | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | 0.95 | -0.86 | — | — | |
| PBC | 0.62 | — | — | — | |
| Intention | 0.87 | -0.52 | -0.54 | — | |
| Avoid getting drunk | Attitude | 0.59 | — | -0.72 | — |
| Subjective norm | — | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | -0.55 | — | |
| Intention | 0.56 | — | -0.61 | — | |
| Eat fruit | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | 0.73 | -0.77 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | 0.56 | — | -0.67 | — | |
| Avoid smoking | Attitude | — | — | — | -2.39 |
| Subjective norm | 0.65 | -0.67 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | -4.20 | |
| Intention | 0.53 | — | — | -3.18 | |
| Avoid fast food | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | 0.54 | -0.64 | — | -0.52 | |
| PBC | — | — | -0.55 | — | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Personality factors | |||||
| Locus of control | — | — | — | 0.50 | |
| ACS—preoccupation | — | — | — | 0.64 | |
| ACS—hesitation | — | — | -0.64 | — | |
| Self-esteem | — | — | — | — | |
| Self-efficacy | — | — | — | -0.90 | |
| Lifestyle cognitions | |||||
| Buy a magazine | Attitude | — | — | — | -0.52 |
| Subjective norm | — | -0.59 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Buy a newspaper | Attitude | — | — | — | -0.77 |
| Subjective norm | 0.55 | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | — | — | -0.53 | |
| Read for pleasure | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | 0.65 | -0.92 | — | 0.53 | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | — | — | 0.75 | |
| Take vitamin pills | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | — | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Visit a friend | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | — | -0.84 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | -0.57 | — | — | |
| Go out for a meal | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | — | -0.97 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | -0.56 | — | — | |
| Attend all lectures | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | — | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | -0.62 | -0.59 | |
| Intention | — | — | -0.55 | — | |
| 7 hours sleep | Attitude | — | — | -0.51 | — |
| Subjective norm | 0.50 | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | 0.72 | |
| Intention | 0.53 | — | -0.61 | 1.03 | |
| Buy clothes | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | 0.56 | -1.23 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Not lying-in past 9.00am | Attitude | — | — | -0.60 | — |
| Subjective norm | — | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | 0.56 | -0.52 | -0.53 | |
| Intention | — | — | -0.62 | — | |
| Go to cinema | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | 0.74 | -0.83 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | -0.75 | |
| Intention | 0.60 | — | — | — | |
| Go for a walk | Attitude | 0.66 | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | 0.89 | -1.01 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | 0.96 | -0.61 | -0.50 | — | |
| Independent study | Attitude | 0.68 | — | -0.55 | — |
| Subjective norm | — | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | -0.97 | |
| Intention | 0.71 | — | -0.61 | — | |
| Write a letter | Attitude | — | — | — | 0.54 |
| Subjective norm | — | -0.82 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | -0.64 | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Recycle bottles | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | 0.56 | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Visit the countryside | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | 1.02 | -1.33 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | 0.67 | -0.71 | — | — | |
| Go to the library | Attitude | — | — | — | -0.51 |
| Subjective norm | — | -0.64 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | -0.77 | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Avoid eating meat | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | — | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Rent a video | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | — | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Go shopping | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | — | -1.02 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | -0.58 | |
| Intention | — | — | — | -0.62 | |
| Visit parents | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | — | — | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | -0.67 | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Go clubbing | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | — | -0.64 | 0.67 | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | — | |
| Intention | — | — | 0.92 | — | |
| Tidy room | Attitude | — | — | — | — |
| Subjective norm | — | -0.73 | — | — | |
| PBC | — | — | — | -0.92 | |
| Intention | — | — | — | — | |
| Ongoing lifestyle activities | |||||
| Buy a magazine | — | — | — | -0.53 | |
| Buy a newspaper | — | — | — | -0.77 | |
| Read for pleasure | — | — | — | — | |
| Take vitamin pills | — | — | — | 0.52 | |
| Visit a friend | — | -0.57 | 0.53 | -0.63 | |
| Go out for a meal | — | — | — | — | |
| Attend all lectures | — | — | -0.56 | -0.62 | |
| 7 hours sleep | — | — | — | — | |
| Buy clothes | — | — | — | — | |
| Not lying-in past 9.00am | — | — | -0.54 | -0.53 | |
| Go to cinema | — | — | — | -1.11 | |
| Go for a walk | — | — | — | -0.57 | |
| Independent study | — | — | — | -0.74 | |
| Write a letter | — | — | — | — | |
| Recycle bottles | — | — | — | — | |
| Visit the countryside | — | — | — | — | |
| Go to the library | — | — | — | -1.03 | |
| Avoid eating meat | — | — | — | — | |
| Rent a video | — | — | — | — | |
| Go shopping | — | — | — | -0.72 | |
| Visit parents | — | — | — | — | |
| Go clubbing | — | — | 0.73 | — | |
| Tidy room | — | — | — | — | |
| Baseline health behaviors | |||||
| Engage in exercise | 0.90 | — | -0.72 | — | |
| Avoid getting drunk | 0.52 | 0.64 | -0.98 | -0.51 | |
| Eat fruit | 0.77 | — | -1.03 | — | |
| Avoid smoking | — | — | — | -4.07 | |
| Avoid eating fast food | — | — | -0.85 | — | |
Note. Only values of d exceeding ± 0.5 are shown.
Group 1 = high engagement in health behavior group, Group 2 = moderate engagement group, Group 3 = low engagement group, Group 4 = very low engagement group,
PBC = perceived behavioral control, ACS = Action Control Scale [39].