Table 3. Changes in metabolic variables in the brown rice and white rice diet groups.
| Brown rice group | White rice group | P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (T0) |
The end of intervention (T1) |
Change | Baseline (T0) |
The end of intervention (T1) |
Change | ||
| Body weight (kg) | 63.2±9.9 | 62.6±9.7 | −0.6 (−1.3 to 0.1) | 66.3±14.0 | 66.0±14.2 | −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.1) | 0.468 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.2±3.5 | 24.0±3.4 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.0) | 25.0±3.7 | 24.9±3.7 | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.0) | 0.463 |
| Body fat (%) | 26.2±6.9 | 26.4±7.9 | 0.2 (−2.0 to 2.4) | 28.6±9.2 | 28.3±9.4 | −0.4 (−1.6 to 0.9) | 0.647 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 121.9±15.0 | 119.0±12.4 | −2.9 (−9.7 to 3.8) | 124.9±15.9 | 120.1±12.5 | −4.8 (−12.2 to 2.6) | 0.687 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.7±8.2 | 68.4±8.3 | −2.3 (−5.8 to 1.2) | 69.1±9.7 | 69.0±7.8 | −0.1 (−3.3 to 3.0) | 0.336 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 6.79±1.02 | 6.35±0.86 | −0.44 (−0.98 to 0.10) | 7.04±1.30 | 6.98±1.54 | −0.06 (−0.46 to 0.34) | 0.228 |
| Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/L) | 35.4±37.2 | 35.0±45.7 | -0.39 (-7.44 to 6.66) | 38.2±20.2 | 41.6±28.1 | 3.42 (-8.06 to 14.89) | 0.547 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.7±0.6 | 6.5±0.4 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.0) | 6.8±0.6 | 6.7±0.6 | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.1) | 0.391 |
| (mmol/mol) | 50.0±6.5 | 47.5±4.6 | −2.6 (−5.0 to −0.1) | 51.1±7.0 | 49.8±6.2 | −1.2 (−3.5 to 1.0) | 0.391 |
| Glycoalbumin (%) | 17.0±2.5 | 16.7±2.1 | −0.4 (−1.2 to 0.5) | 18.0±2.8 | 18.2±2.7 | 0.2 (−0.6 to 1.0) | 0.330 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.92±2.42 | 1.83±3.02 | −0.08 (−0.61 to 0.44) | 2.02±1.24 | 2.09±1.34 | 0.07 (−0.47 to 0.61) | 0.665 |
| HOMA-β | 35.6±29.2 | 38.8±33.7 | 3.2 (-6.4 to 12.8) | 41.7±30.3 | 56.3±68.8 | 14.6 (-13.8 to 43) | 0.423 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.10±0.96 | 4.89±0.81 | −0.21 (−0.51 to 0.09) | 4.88±0.85 | 4.90±0.78 | 0.01 (−0.24 to 0.27) | 0.235 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.65±0.42 | 1.54±0.35 | −0.11 (−0.19 to −0.04) | 1.41±0.29 | 1.40±0.31 | −0.01 (−0.12 to 0.10) | 0.100 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.05±0.63 | 2.91±0.67 | −0.14 (−0.40 to 0.13) | 2.98±0.65 | 2.98±0.62 | −0.01 (−0.23 to 0.21) | 0.431 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 465±155 | 514±161 | 48.9 (−18.0 to 115.7) | 562±523 | 597±650 | 35.6 (−49.3 to 120.4) | 0.793 |
| High sensitivity CRP (μg/L) | 0.09±0.12 | 0.05±0.05 | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0.01) | 0.04±0.03 | 0.05±0.06 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.063 |
| tPAI-1 (ng/mL) | 17.6±13.6 | 15.5±10.5 | −2.1 (−7.2 to 3.1) | 16.3±7.2 | 16.2±6.0 | −0.1 (−2.5 to 2.4) | 0.458 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 8.2±4.6 | 7.7±4.3 | −0.5 (−1.2 to 0.2) | 7.9±4.6 | 8.1±5.0 | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.7) | 0.057 |
| ADMA (μmol/L) | 0.50±0.12 | 0.43±0.12 | −0.08 (−0.15 to 0.00) | 0.52±0.18 | 0.50±0.16 | −0.02 (−0.13 to 0.09) | 0.404 |
| Urine 8-isoprostane (pg/mg·cre) | 152.3±67.3 | 161.2±45.2 | 8.9 (−26.8 to 44.5) | 150.9±67.8 | 158.9±68.5 | 8.0 (−18.9 to 34.9) | 0.968 |
Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables of “T0” and “T1”, and mean (95% CI) for continuous variables of “Change”. The p-values indicate comparisons of changes between the brown rice diet group vs. the white rice diet group using unpaired t-tests. HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; tPAI-1, tissue plasminogen activator-1; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine.