Table 1.
Factors associated with positive screening for depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale - depression subscale score ≥ 8) in inpatients with cardiovascular diseases (n = 137) n (%)
|
Screening for depression |
Missing data (%) | P value | ||
| Yes | No | |||
| Sociodemographic variables | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 15 (39.5) | 77 (77.8) | - | < 0.001a |
| Female | 23 (60.5) | 22 (22.2) | - | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 53.7 ± 11.4 | 51.5 ± 12.8 | - | 0.444 |
| Elder (aged ≥ 60 yr) | 15 (39.5) | 24 (24.2) | - | 0.077 |
| Educational level in years (mean ± SD) | 7.4 ± 4.4 | 8.5 ± 4.3 | 1.5 | 0.035b |
| Married/lives with partner | 25 (65.8) | 70 (70.7) | 0.7 | 0.723 |
| Lives alone | 3 (8.1) | 9 (9.1) | 0.7 | 0.857 |
| Any son | 34 (91.9) | 83 (84.7) | 1.5 | 0.272 |
| Unemployed | 9 (24.3) | 23 (23.5) | 1.5 | 0.917 |
| Religion | 35 (94.6) | 91 (91.9) | 0.7 | 0.595 |
| Clinical variables | ||||
| No of previous hospital admissions, mean (SD) | 7.6 ± 9.1 | 5 ± 5.2 | 5.8 | 0.07b |
| CAD | 18 (47.4) | 58 (58.6) | - | 0.237 |
| Congestive heart failure | 12 (31.6) | 31 (31.3) | - | 0.976 |
| Cardiac arrhythymia | 5 (13.3) | 10 (10.1) | - | 0.76 |
| Hypertension | 19 (50) | 56 (56.6) | - | 0.489 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 (13.2) | 18 (18.2) | - | 0.481 |
| Pain level, mean (SD) | 2.2 ± 2.9 | 1.3 ± 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.136 |
| Propranolol | 8 (21.1) | 12 (13.5) | 8.0 | 0.255 |
| Dependence in basic ADL | 10 (26.3) | 14 (14.1) | 0.7 | 0.09 |
| Dependence in instrumental ADL | 2 (22.2) | 4 (17.4) | 76.6 | 0.753 |
| Psychosocial variables | ||||
| Family history of mental disorder | 18 (47.4) | 20 (20.2) | - | 0.001a |
| Previous suicide attempt | 11 (28.9) | 8 (8.2) | 0.7 | 0.002a |
| Moderate to severe nicotine dependence | 7 (18.4) | 10 (10.1) | - | 0.186 |
| Problematic alcohol use | 7 (30.4) | 13 (18.84) | 32.8 | 0.243 |
| Resilience score, WYS mean (SD) | 138.5 ± 14.5 | 144.9 ± 14.9 | 2.9 | 0.029b |
| Childhood trauma score, CTQ mean (SD) | 46.4 ± 20.1 | 37.5 ± 12.6 | 8.8 | 0.004b |
a
χ2 test significant if P < 0.05;
b
Mann-Whitney test significant if P < 0.05. CAD: Coronary arterial disease; ADL: Activities of daily living; WYS: Wagnild and Young Scale; CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.