Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| Measurement | Median (IQR), or Percentage |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71 (64–75) |
| Sex (Male, %) | 60.1 |
| Duration of diabetes mellitus (years) | 14 (8–20) |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.0 (7.1–9.2) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) | 58.6 (35.0–73.0) |
| Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (mg/gCr) | 17 (6–215) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 178 (152–207) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 118 (84–153) |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 40 (35–53) |
| Non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 133 (108–158) |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.1 (3.8–4.3) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 (21.9–26.9) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125 (110–139) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 65 (60–74) |
| Current smoker (%) | 13.3 |
| Education (≥college, %) | 30.8 |
| Use of medications | |
| Insulin injection (%) | 50.0 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent (%) | 73.4 |
| Antihypertensive (%) | 61.5 |
| Statin (%) | 48.3 |
| Complications | |
| Hypertension (%) | 67.1 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 86.7 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 28.2 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 50.4 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 11.2 |
| Peripheral artery disease (%) | 2.1 |
| Aortic disease (%) | 0.1 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 4.1 |
| Any prior cardiovascular disease (%) | 16.1 |
| Apolipoprotein E4 positive (%) | 21.7 |
| Serum vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 493 (349–848) |
| Serum folate (ng/mL) | 8.7 (6.0–11.2) |
| Plasma total homocysteine (nmol/mL) | 10.2 (8.3–13.8) |
| Cognitive function | |
| 3 MS total score (points) | 94 (89–98) |
| Registration and recall (points) | 20 (18–21) |
| Long–term memory (points) | 5 (5–5) |
| Orientation (points) | 20 (20–20) |
| Attention (points) | 7 (5–7) |
| Verbal fluency and understanding (points) | 21 (20–21) |
| Word retrieval (points) | 10 (9–10) |
| Visuospatial skills (points) | 10 (10–10) |
| Similarities (points) | 4 (2–5) |
| TMT-B (seconds) | 151 (108–244) |
| Cerebral SVDs | |
| CMB present (%) | 16.1 |
| SCI present (%) | 35.0 |
| PVH Grade 0, I, II, and III (%) | 25.9/57.3/11.9/4.9 |
| DSWMH Grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 (%) | 9.1/28.7/48.2/14.0 |
The table gives percentage for categorical variables and median (IQR) for continuous variables. Abbreviations are: IQR, interquartile range; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; 3 MS, Modified Mini-Mental State examination; TMT-B, Trail Making Test B; SVD, small vessel disease; CMB, cerebral microbleed; SCI, silent cerebral infarction; PVH, periventricular hyperintensity; DSWMH, deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity.