Fig. 1.

Cross-sectional evaluation of antibody binding to oxPTM-INS in study population. (a) Reactivity to NT-INS and oxPTM-INS was significantly higher in samples from progr-T1D children compared with non-progressing children, regardless of whether they were NP-AAB⁺ or NP-AAB⁻ to the standard islet autoantibody markers (p < 0.001). Binding to oxPTM-INS modified by HOCl and ^•OH was significantly higher than to NT-INS in progr-T1D children (p < 0.0001). Data on the earliest time point available are reported. Values above the dashed lines were defined as positive for antibodies to NT-INS and oxPTM-INS modified by glycation (GLY), HOCl or ^•OH, respectively (99th percentile of a group of 88 healthy control children). (b–d) Overlapping prevalence of antibodies to NT-INS and oxPTM-INS in all children positive for at least one islet autoantibody (b) and in progr-T1D (c) and NP-AAB⁺ children (d). Values outside the circles are children negative for the antibody evaluated in the diagram