Table 1.
Changes in participants' characteristics during the study period.
| Variables | Low | Middle | High | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | |
| N (men/women) | 99 (23/76) | 104 (30/74) | 102 (27/75) | |||
| Follow-up year, years | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | |||
| Sit-and-reach, cm | 30.2 ± 6.0 | 31.1 ± 7.8 | 40.0 ± 4.8 | 38.7 ± 7.7† | 49.7 ± 5.5 | 48.7 ± 7.1† |
| Premenopausal Women, n (%) | 31 (31) | 19 (19)† | 30 (29) | 23 (22) | 34 (33) | 22 (22)† |
| Age, years | 49.8 ± 9.4 | 54.8 ± 9.4† | 49.4 ± 9.7 | 54.4 ± 9.7† | 49.5 ± 9.5 | 54.6 ± 9.5† |
| Height, cm | 159.7 ± 8.3 | 159.4 ± 8.3† | 160.7 ± 7.5 | 160.4 ± 7.5† | 162.6 ± 8.6* | 162.2 ± 8.6*† |
| Weight, kg | 57.3 ± 9.7 | 56.9 ± 9.4 | 58.2 ± 9.1 | 58.4 ± 8.9 | 58.1 ± 9.2 | 58.1 ± 9.6 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.3 ± 2.8 | 22.3 ± 2.8 | 22.4 ± 2.4 | 22.5 ± 2.3 | 21.9 ± 2.5 | 22.0 ± 2.8 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 81.0 ± 8.3 | 81.1 ± 7.7 | 80.2 ± 7.6 | 81.6 ± 7.6† | 79.1 ± 8.4 | 79.3 ± 8.5 |
| Body fat, % | 27.4 ± 6.2 | 28.0 ± 6.6† | 25.8 ± 6.3 | 27.0 ± 6.4† | 24.1 ± 7.0* | 25.9 ± 7.4† |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 89.3 ± 8.1 | 86.7 ± 9.9† | 90.6 ± 13.1 | 88.6 ± 19.3† | 89.7 ± 10.3 | 85.4 ± 9.9† |
| HbA1c, % | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3† | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.7† | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 5.4 ± 0.3† |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 212 ± 38 | 221 ± 36† | 213 ± 33 | 219 ± 35 | 208 ± 36 | 217 ± 35† |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 67 ± 20 | 71 ± 20† | 65 ± 17 | 67 ± 20 | 68 ± 16 | 71 ± 17† |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 88 ± 47 | 103 ± 182 | 97 ± 71 | 100 ± 69 | 81 ± 54 | 77 ± 38 |
| SBP, mmHg | 117 ± 14 | 120 ± 16† | 115 ± 12 | 117 ± 13† | 118 ± 13 | 121 ± 15† |
| DBP, mmHg | 71 ± 11 | 73 ± 11† | 70 ± 9 | 71 ± 10† | 71 ± 10 | 72 ± 10 |
| HR, beats per minute | 62 ± 10 | 61 ± 9 | 62 ± 11 | 61 ± 9 | 62 ± 12 | 60 ± 10 |
| cfPWV, cm/s | 835 ± 164 | 913 ± 212† | 853 ± 140 | 895 ± 167† | 855 ± 140 | 871 ± 156 |
| N (men/women) | 99 (23/76) | 94 (23/71) | 104 (30/74) | 95 (28/67) | 102 (27/75) | 94 (26/68) |
| Peak oxygen uptake, mL/kg/min | 29.7 ± 5.9 | 30.0 ± 7.2 | 31.8 ± 7.8 | 31.5 ± 7.8 | 33.1 ± 7.3* | 34.0 ± 9.0* |
| N (men/women) | 99 (23/76) | – | 104 (30/74) | – | 102 (27/75) | – |
| Daily time spent in physical activity | ||||||
| Light, min/day | 586 ± 117 | – | 571 ± 115 | – | 587 ± 106 | – |
| Moderate, min/day | 55 ± 21 | – | 63 ± 25 | – | 64 ± 4* | – |
| Vigorous, min/day | 1.7 ± 6.3 | – | 2.8 ± 5.9 | – | 3.8 ± 7.7 | – |
Values are mean ± SD, or n (%).
*
P < 0.05 vs. Low (assessed by 1-way analysis of variance with post-hoc multiple comparisons by Scheffe's test).
†
P < 0.05 vs. Baseline (assessed by paired t-test for continuous variables, and by McNemar's non-parametric test for premenopausal women).
BMI indicates body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; and cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.