Figure 5.

Microbiota-dependent differences in gender-specific immunity. Whole-genome gene expression in the ileum of male and female germ-free (GF) mice (n = 5) that received the gut microbiota from male or female conventional mice was assessed with Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Gene 1.1 ST arrays. Genes that were significantly differentially expressed (p < 0.05 and fold change >1.2) between recipients of male and female microbiota were analyzed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. (A) Top 10 of most upregulated genes and top 10 of most downregulated genes by comparing male microbiota with female microbiota in GF female recipients. (B) Canonical pathways that were most significantly affected by gender of the microbiota in GF female recipient mice. (C) Most significantly predicted upstream regulators of the pathways affected by gender of the microbiota in GF female recipient mice. (D) Top 10 of most upregulated genes and top 10 of most downregulated genes by comparing female microbiota with male microbiota in GF male recipients. (E) Canonical pathways that were most significantly affected by gender of the microbiota in GF male recipient mice. (F) Most significantly predicted upstream regulators of the pathways affected by gender of the microbiota in GF male recipient mice.