Figure 6.

Male microbiota influences DNA replication and the cell cycle. Whole-genome gene expression in the ileum of male and female germ-free (GF) mice (n = 4), or male and female GF recipient mice (n = 5) that received the gut microbiota from male or female conventional mice was assessed with Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Gene 1.1 ST arrays. Only genes that were significantly differentially expressed (p < 0.05 and fold change >1.2) were included in the analysis. Genes that were specifically affected by the male microbiota were selected as follows: affected by male microbiota in male GF recipients compared to male GF controls AND affected by male microbiota in female GF recipients compared to female GF controls, but NOT affected by female microbiota in female GF recipients compared to female GF controls, OR female microbiota in male GF recipients compared to male GF controls. The resulting list of genes was analyzed with the STRING database. Only genes with at least one interaction are shown. The following interactions are indicated: from curated databases (blue), experimentally determined (pink), textmining (yellow), co-expression (black), and protein homology (purple).