Table 2.

The effect of macronutrient substitutions of blood lipid levels as reported by Mensink 2016 [4].

Study	Design	n	Follow-Up Time	Outcome	Substitution	Result	Effect Size	Covariates Included in Analyses
Substitution of Saturated Fat for MUFA
Mensink 2016 [4]	Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	74 studies	Range 13–91 days	Total cholesterol	1% of energy from SFA → cis-MUFA	−0.046 mmol/L (−0.051 to−0.040; p < 0.001)	↓	No adjustment
		69 studies		LDL cholesterol		−0.042 mmol/L (−0.047 to −0.037; p < 0.001)	↓
		68 studies		HDL cholesterol		−0.002 mmol/L (−0.00 to 0.000; p = 0.014))	↓
		72 studies		Triglycerides		−0.004 mmol/L (−0.007 to −0.001; p = 0.022)	↓
Substitution of Saturated Fat for PUFA
Mensink 2016 [4]	Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	74 studies	Range 13–91 days	Total cholesterol	1% of energy from SFA → cis-PUFA	−0.064 mmol/L (−0.070 to −0.058; p < 0.001)	↓	No adjustment
		69 studies		LDL cholesterol		−0.055 mmol/L (−0.061 to −0.050; p < 0.001)	↓
		68 studies		HDL cholesterol		−0.005 mmol/L (−0.006 to −0.003; p < 0.001)	↓
		72 studies		Triglycerides		−0.010 mmol/L (−0.014 to −0.007; p < 0.001)	↓
Substitution of Saturated Fat for Carbohydrate
Mensink 2016 [4]	Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	74 studies	Range 13–91 days	Total cholesterol	1% of energy from SFA → carbohydrates	−0.041 mmol/L (−0.047 to −0.035; p < 0.001)	↓	No adjustment
		69 studies		LDL cholesterol		−0.033 mmol/L (−0.039 to −0.027; p < 0.001)	↓
		68 studies		HDL cholesterol		−0.010 mmol/L (−0.012 to −0.008; p < 0.001)	↓
		72 studies		Triglycerides		0.011 mmol/L (0.007 to 0.014; p = 0.842)	↔