Table 8.

Synergists as inhibitors of major metabolic detoxification enzymes

Insecticide detoxification enzymes	Synergists/inhibitorsa
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s)	PBO, sesamex
Esterases	EN16/5–1, DEF, TPP, IBP, K-1, K-2, sesamex, and SV-1
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)	DEM, EA and CF

Abbreviations: DEF S.S.S-tributlyphosphorotrithioate, TPP triphenyl phosphate, IBP S-benzyl diisopropyl phosphorothiolate, K-1 (2-phenyl-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorothiolate), K-2 2-phenoxy-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin 2-oxide, sesamex 5-[1-[2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethoxy]ethoxy]-1,3-benzodioxole, SV-1, O,O-diethyl-O-phenyl phosphorothiolate, DEM diethyl maleate, EA ethacrynic acid, CF chlorfenethol

^aData sourced from Brogdon & Chan [286], Heong et al. [147] and Lilly et al. [127]